FOREST PRODUCTS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE-CENSUS OF 1900.-Continued. A comparison of the principal items making up the lumber census, also of the quantity and value of the chief varieties of rough lumber, for the years 1900 and 1905 is presented below. The disagreement between the figures for 1900 and the figures for the same year in another table is accounted for by the fact that in 1905 the custom mills were not taken into account, and, in order to make the comparison perfect, these mills were deducted from the 1900 figures also, in this table. This comparative summary is as follows: CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES. 'Decrease. Includes a duplication-the value of rough lumber, which in 1905 amounted to $541,114, remanufactured in planing mills connected with sawmills producing it. CHAPTER XI. VERMONT-DEVELOPMENT. Vermont was originally forest covered, and its rounded, tree-clad mountain slopes gave occasion for the exclamation of Champlain when he first saw them from the waters of the lake that bears his name: "Voila les verts monts"-"Behold the green mountains." Tradition has it that from these words, abbreviated first to Verdmont, and then still further abbreviated by the omission of the "d", was derived the name of the State. Translated, this term was applied to the chief mountain range of the State, and ever since a time before the Revolution has been a favorite appellation. The Green Mountain Boys was the name of an organization formed to resist the claims of New York to grants made by New Hampshire, and during the Revolution it was applied to the soldiers who represented that region in war with the mother country. The clothing of green which covered what is now Vermont was remarkable in variety and value. The most important of the woods was the white pine (Pinus strobus), but covering the greater extent was the spruce, which was intermixed with hemlock and larch, of which genera only the spruce remains at this time an important article of commerce. In addition to the conifers were numerous species of hardwoods, the most important of which was the sugar maple. Much of this timber, notably maple, birch and beech, still remains, but, as a whole, the State has been pretty well denuded of its hardwoods. A "History of the State of Vermont" (1831), by Nathan Hoskins, says: The forests which had for centuries been maturing, were regarded as an incumbrance, rather than estimated for their value. Thus by gradual improvements and cultivations of the lands Vermont has been stripped of her native grandeur. The white pine, the greatest ornament of this and probably of any forest on the American continent, is principally destroyed. It was often found six feet in diameter and 250 feet in height, with a beautiful foliage, perfectly suited to the stem which it adorns. The oak, so highly valuable for strength and durability of its timber, remains but in small quantities, and those mostly in such situations as discovery has not reached or neglect has preserved. The sugar maple, affording a luxury from its saccharine juices, and great convenience in its timber and fuel, has been so diminished by the progress of cultivation, that groves of this majestic and valuable tree, once overspreading a large proportion of the State, are now found only on unfeasible or mountainous lands. A similar destruction has been made of many other valuable species of trees, some of which are entirely extirpated. The different situations and qualities of land peculiar to the growth of different kinds of forest trees range in this order: The intervales along the large rivers were formerly timbered with oak, butternut, elm and walnut. The plain lands were generally covered with pine. On the medium land the timber was usually beech, birch and maple, often intermixed with spruce, hemlock, ash, elm, bass, butternut, cherry and hornbeam. In some parts of the State are swamps which afford a plentiful supply of cedar. The sides and tops of the mountains are covered with evergreens, mostly hemlock, spruce and fir. FOREST TREES OF VERMONT. Zadock Thompson, in his "History of Vermont," published in 1842, gave a list of the forest trees native to Vermont and their distribution. From this list the following principal trees are quoted: Basswood, or lime tree-In all parts of the State. Sugar maple-One of the most common and valuable forest trees of Vermont. Red maple-In most parts of the State. Red beech-Found in all parts of the State White beech-(Distribution not given.) Large white birch, or canoe birch-Is quite common. Black, or cherry birch, or sweet birch-Is not so abundant as the yellow birch Yellow birch-Common in all parts of the State. Buttonwood, or sycamore—(Distribution not given.) White elm-Is found, though not very plentifully, in all parts of the State. Red, or slippery elm-Though found in most parts of the State, is less abundant than white elm. Butternut Is common in most parts of the State. Shellbark hickory-Is by no means uncommon, particularly in the neighborhood of Lake Champlain. Norway pine, or red pine, or yellow pine-Though originally plentiful in some places in Vermont, was never so abundant as white pine. White pine-The white pine is much the most lofty tree which grows in our forests and the most valuable for its timber. Dr. Williams states the height of this tree to be 247 feet, but it is probable that a very few only have attained that height in Vermont. The tallest trees which have fallen under our own observation have not exceeded 170 feet. While the pine forests were standing, trees measuring from 140 to 180 feet were not uncommon, and they have often measured more than six feet in diameter at the base. This species of pine was originally very abundant in all the western parts of the State, particularly in the neighborhood of Lake Champlain, and was found in considerable quantities along the bank of the Connecticut and most of our smaller rivers. But in consequence of the indiscriminate havoc of our forest trees by the early settlers, and of the common use of this tree for timber, boards and shingles for buildings and other domestic uses, together with the great demand for it for exportation, our forests of white pine have mostly disappeared, and boards and shingles of good quality are becoming scarce and difficult to be obtained. Pitch pine-(Distribution not given.) Double spruce-This tree is found in all parts of Vermont, sometimes constituting almost entire forests of considerable extent. It is the most plentiful evergreen upon the mountains, being found, though of diminutive size, on their very summits. Single spruce-Much less plentiful than double spruce. Silver or balsam fir-(Distribution not given.) Black cherry-This tree is scattered, although very sparingly, over the greater part of the State. It sometimes reaches the height of fifty feet. Tupelo, or sour gum-This tree, which is here usually called pepper-ridge, is found sparsely scattered through the southern and western parts of the State, but nowhere in large quantities. It grows to the height of nearly fifty feet. White oak-The growth of the white oak is confined principally to the southern and western parts of the State, and even there was never much multiplied. The original growth sometimes attained the height of seventy feet. Red oak-Though not very abundant is more plentiful and widely diffused than the white oak. Chestnut-Is confined mostly to the southwestern parts, and to the towns lying along the banks of the Connecticut River in the counties of Windham and Windsor. Hemlock-Is found in all parts of the State and in most parts in abundance. American larch, or tamarack, or hackmatack-Rare in southern and eastern parts of the State, but common in northern and western parts. Mountain ash, or moosemissa-Very common upon the hills and mountains, and when transplanted thrives well in all parts of the State. White cedar, or arborvita-Was originally very abundant in the western and northern parts of the State, and is still found in many places in considerable quantities. Red cedar-Formerly existed in some quantities along the banks and islands of Lake Champlain, but on account of the eagerness with which it has been sought for posts and other purposes, it has now [in 1842] become exceedingly scarce. C. G. Pringle, in 1880, made an exhaustive report for the United States census authorities of the forest conditions existing at that time. Mr. Pringle, among other things of great interest, said: The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Maine, are varied in composition. About the shores of Lake Champlain several western trees first appear, and throughout the State the forest is more generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high ridges of the Green Mountains, their foothills being covered with hardwood trees and little pine or hemlock occurring in the valleys. A forest of white pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the State, adjacent to Lake Champlain. The original white pine forests of the State are now practically exhausted. They are represented by a small amount of second growth pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 6,505,000 feet of lumber, board measure. . Except on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of the Green Mountains, where black spruce and balsam fir grow to the exclusion of other trees, the aboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In the valleys and on the foothills, and even on the slopes of the higher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern Vermont); basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated patches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species. To estimate the area of valuable original forest still standing in the Green Moun |