6

fears of all classes in England now increase. their flocks to act worthy of their foreAdvertisements from the different London fathers. The cry through all London now parishes appear, offering bounties of five seems to have been to arms.' Troops of pounds a head for each able-bodied man horse were raised, volunteer companies who will enlist; the train bands are sum- formed, the trained bands were regularly moned to attend, that the oath pledging drilled, and while exhortations to loyalty in them to a war à l'outrance against popery papers, and speeches and pamphlets and Jacobitism may be duly administered; abounded, due care was taken to denounce the address of the Corporation of London the principles of the Stuarts; and once denounces in good set terms, this unnatu- more, even in the government papers, the ral rebellion, and the Archbishop of York names of Pym, Hampden, nay of Cromurges the gentry throughout his diocese to well himself, were pronounced with warm form an association, not only to withstand eulogy. the pope, and the pretender, but to uphold our rights and liberties against the encroachments of arbitrary power-rare words these, from an archbishop! And influential words were they, for £90,000 were soon subscribed by the gentry, in support of the government.

A more important aid was offered by the London merchants, who consented to take bank notes instead of specie; and when on the 26th of September the agreement was prepared for signature, no less than eleven hundred and forty* signed, in the short space of three hours. All these names are given in the Gazette, and on looking over them, we were struck with the number of old familiar names' that appear. Full half, we should say, on the most moderate computation, are still well known names in the city. It has been traditionally asserted, that this was arranged by the leading dissenters, and from the anxiety with which they naturally viewed the invasion of a Stuart, we think it probably was the case.

Among those who particularly distinguished themselves at this crisis, were the Spitalfields silk manufacturers, who, grateful for the protection afforded them, not only entered into a liberal subscription, but considering the great and many blessings we enjoy under his most sacred and illustrious majesty,' agreed to raise, and arm at their own cost, a body of soldiers, from among their own workmen. The French extraction of these worthy men may be recognized in the reverential terms in which they approach the throne. In their address there is no mention of liberty, or of rights secured by the English constitution. For the religious freedom they enjoyed, they appear most grateful; but of civil freedom, the only basis of the other, they seem to have no idea. They raised, however, nearly three thousand men, who, if ignorant of civil liberty, would assuredly have stood fast against the encroachments of that religion, which had murdered their pastors, burnt their dwellings, and cast them forth as homeless exiles. On the 2nd of OctoBut their anxieties were to be farther ber the bishop of London, and the clergy awakened, and their indignation raised to of his diocese, went up with an address to the highest point, when the rumor that a the king at Kensington palace. In this adbattle had been fought, and that English dress, although there is much rigmarole soldiers had actually fled, was confirmed about popery and church and state, they by the extraordinary Gazette of September declare that there is no safety for the reli28th, and the name of Colonel Gardiner gion and liberties of this country, but in appeared in the list of the slain at Preston- the protestant succession.' It was certainly pans. Colonel Gardiner, long recognized as one of the most gallant veterans in the English army, was claimed as the peculiar property of the dissenters, and the death of the disciple of Dr. Calamy, and the warm friend of Doddridge, was viewed as a martyrdom. Many were the funeral sermons preached on the occasion in the meeting houses of London, and earnest were the exhortations of the ministers to

* The whole number of signatures was more than fifteen hundred,

almost worth the fears of a rebellion, to find the established clergy taking the name of liberty on their lips.

In far better style is the address of the three denominations of protestant dissenters, which was presented by the Rev. Joseph Stennett at the same palace the following day. Our limits will not permit us to copy the whole of this well written address, in which neither the contemptible phrase 'sacred majesty,' nor the degrading word 'toleration,' find a place; but we must give the concluding paragraph: As the religious

and civil liberties, the happiness and honor of the nation, have been always your unwearied care, we cannot but detest and abhor the present unnatural and rebellious attempt, nor shall we ever cease to offer our fervent prayers for the preservation of your majesty's invaluable life, the tranquillity of your reign, and the conveyance of our liberties under the protection of your royal house to the end of time.'

hostility to the Stuarts, and promising 'full enjoyment of their laws and liberties!' This, in time of need, had too often been done by his great-uncle and grandfather, for any one to believe it.

The stay of Charles at Edinburgh continued until the 31st of October. This was partly owing to the defection of many of the Highlanders, who, loaded with plunder after the battle of Preston, returned to the Highlands to secure it; but we think it was much more owing to the unwillingness of his Scottish adherents to advance into England, until the Jacobites there had committed themselves with the government, by some overt act. Meantime the popular feeling against the Pretender deepened in England; while not improbably, the partiality he expressed for the Highlanders,

lyrood, rather than advance, damped the ardor of his English adherents.

The king's answer is short; it might, we thought, have been more courteous; but on turning to his answer to the address of the university of Cambridge a few days before, we found that with the exception of 'constitution in church and state,' it is almost the same. We learn from the papers of the day, that the deputation was most courteously received, and introduced into the king's presence by the Duke and his willingness to play the king at Hoof Newcastle. The numerous accounts which now filled the papers of the disastrous defeat at Preston-pans, still farther On the 9th of October, the city trained increased the feeling against the young Pre- bands were ordered to mount guard at the tender. Was England to be invaded by Royal Exchange, St. Dunstan's in the troops of barbarians, who rushed to battle West, St. Sepulchre's, and Devonshire with savage yells, and armed with scythes Square; and the Tower Hamlets were orand pitchforks? Was the crown of the dered out for the same duty, along the Plantagenets to be placed on the brow of eastern boundary. Money from various him who had marched at their head in associations, and from the city companies, Highland brogues, dressed in tartan, and was poured into the Treasury, and even the wielding a Highland broadsword? We Quakers, precluded by their religious tencannot indeed wonder that the circumstan- ets from directly aiding warfare, raised a ces of this first battle should strike men's subscription to supply the troops with minds forcibly, for Colonel Gardiner re-flannel waistcoats for the winter. That ceived his death wound from a scythe; and this dwelt upon the minds of the troops even at the battle of Culloden, and many a Highlander was there sacrificed to the memory of that gallant leader.

The exultation of Charles and his followers was excessive. Messengers were despatched to France and to Rome with the tidings, and preceded by a hundred pipers, playing that peculiarly Cavalier air, The king shall enjoy his own again,' he made his triumphal re-entry into Edinburgh. While here, he exercised every regal function. He gave patents of nobility, issued proclamations, and among others, one denouncing the pretended parliament of the Elector of Hanover,' and warning the English not to attend it. He also issued another, arguing with the people upon their

*I thank you for your loyal address, and have a firm dependence on your steady attachment to my person and government. You may be assured of the continuance of my protection.'

the writer of the work before us should believe that, had Charles boldly pressed on, London might have fallen into his hands, may be excused; but that Lord Mahon, accurate and well informed as he is generally, should think so, is to us astonishing, and could, we think, only arise from his not having sufficiently examined those ephemeral documents, which, far beyond every other, give the very form and pressure' of the passing day. Let the reader take up the newspapers of this period, and read not merely the letters and addresses, but the short bits of information, and the advertisments, and he must be convinced that the general popular feeling, even had the Pretender penetrated so far, must have been an effectual barrier.

At length, at the head of Scottish troops, furnished with money from France,-at and surrounded by a staff of Highland, Irish, this period a hostile country-supported and French officers, the most conspicuous among the latter being the Marquis d'

Eguilles, who had been sent expressly from to persist in wearing a dress, and adopting Louis xv. with a letter of congratulation, habits, which proved he could have no Charles, on the 31st of October, at six in sympathy with his English subjects. the evening, quitted Holyrood, to achieve the conquest of England :

At Wigan and Manchester, he is said to have been received with acclamations; but, as very few joined his standard, we may well doubt whether these acclamations were called forth by aught but personal fear. At Manchester, however, two hundred men were persuaded to enlist, under the command of the unfortunate Colonel Francis Townley. These received for their uniform, blue coats, with a tartan sash, and the white cockade. What had English soldiers to do with tartan? This was given evidently in compliment to the Highland clans; but it must have emphatically proved to the English who were willing to join the Stuart banner, that they were to be considered but as subordinates in the great enterprise.

'He slept the first night at Pinkie House. as on the night after the battle of Preston, and on the following morning the two columns parted. The whole army consisted of scarcely 6,000 men, including 500 cavalry, well clothed and equipped, and furnished with provisions for four days; but many superstitious notions that prevailed among his troops made the common men as much averse as their leaders to the English campaign, and many of the Highlanders quitted their ranks during the march. According to some, the deserters amounted to no fewer than a thousand men. and one morning it cost Charles a parley of nearly an hour and a half to prevail on his troops to move forward. The weather too was so unfavorable that any troops but Highlanders would have been completely discourLancashire, Cheshire, and North Wales, aged by it. After a halt of two days at Kelso, orders were sent to Wooler to prepare quarwere the strong holds of the English Catho ters for his troops, by which the intended eflics, and consequently of the Jacobites. fect was produced of alarming Wade, and As the invading army, therefore, moved drawing off his attention from Carlisle. This onward, it was welcomed with somewhat having been done, Charles suddenly marched approaching to enthusiasm. They forded westward and down Liddisdale, entering the Mersey near Stockport, and,— Cumberland at the head of his troops on the evening of the 18th of November. As the clans crossed the border, they drew their swords, and raised a lond shout of exultation; but in hastily unsheathing his claymore, Lochiel accidentally cut his hand, which was immediately looked upon as an unlucky omen, and spread consternation throughout the whole column. On the following day, however, the two divisions effected their intended junction, and marched forward immediately upon Carlisle.'-ib. pp. 322, 323.

Carlisle, which was only guarded by a garrison of invalid soldiers, capitulated; but it was here that differences first broke out between the rival parties in the young Pretender's little army. Hopes of the landing of French troops, alone prevented a portion of his followers from returning to Scotland, and it was not until the 20th that they set out for Penrith, through Shap, Kendal, and Lancaster, to Preston, where they arrived on the 26th. It was here that he first received a welcome; the people hitherto having either fled away, or gazed with stupid surprise on a prince, who, in his Highland costume, and with his target slung across his shoulder, usually marched at the head of one or other of the clans.' Surely the perverse obstinacy of the Stuarts must have been strong in their descendant, to induce him, even when on English ground,

'On arriving at the other side of the river Charles witnessed a scene characteristic of the enthusiasm and devotion of the adherents of his house, which is thus described by Lord Mahon, on the authority of the late Lord Keith:-" On the opposite bank of the Mersey, Charles found a few of the Cheshire gentry drawn up ready to welcome him, and amongst, them Mrs. Skyring, a lady in extreme old age. As a child, she had been lifted up in her mother's arms, to view the happy landing at Dover of Charles the Second. Her father, an old cavalier, had afterwards to undergo not merely neglect, but oppression, from that wife continued devoted to the royal cause, thankless monarch; still, however, he and his and their daughter grew up as devoted as they. After the expulsion of the Stuarts, all her thoughts, her hopes, her prayers, were directed to another restoration. Ever afterwards, she had with rigid punctuality laid aside exiled family abroad, concealing only what, one-half of her yearly income, to remit to the she said, was of no importance to them-the name of the giver. She had now parted with her jewels, her plate, and every little article of value she possessed, the price of which, in a purse, she laid at the fect of Prince Charles, while, straining her dim eye, to gaze on his led lips, she exclaimed with affectionate rapfeatures, and pressing his hand to her shrivelture, in the words of Simeon, 'Lord! now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace!' added that she did not survive the shock,

It is

the silver spoons, buried, but the pewter also; and but for the wooden trenchers and horn spoons, the good people would have been reduced to eat their dinners in a most primitive manner.

when a few days afterwards, she was told of news reached London, and the day was the retreat.'-ib. pp. 331–333. henceforward called ' Black Friday.' Great was the panic among the inhabitHappily for the honor as well as the ants of those towns which lay nearest the safety of England, such instances of en-rebel army. All valuables and money were thusiasm in a worthless cause, were rare. buried, the few clothes that could be most The government, meanwhile, directed a large force of horse and foot, under Sirdles; and horses and carts stood ready, easily conveyed away were packed in bunJohn Ligonier, to march direct into Laneven through the night, to convey the af cashire, which was followed by the Duke frighted inhabitants to some more distant of Cumberland, who put himself at their head. The weather had now set in most from those among the recollections of asylum. In Leicester, as we have heard severely; the flannel waistcoats, therefore, whose boyhood the rebellion' occupied the gift of the kind Quakers, and which the foremost place, the confusion was exwere sent after the army to Coventry, were treme. Not only were valuables, even to most acceptable. Fearing lest these forces might fail to intercept the rebel army, the government proceeded to direct a camp to be formed on Finchley Common, consisting of the guards, part of Ligonier's regiment of horse, Sir Robert Rich's dragoons, and the associated regiment,' made up of barristers, under the command of Chief Jus- themselves better than might have been extice Willes-another proof, and a rather singular one, of the general feeling against this, their first campaign, had never seen a pected from half-clothed savages, who until the Pretender-and a park of artillery, un-watch, or a looking-glass. Still, surroundder the direction of the oldest and most ed by so many luxuries, and certainly under experienced officers. In the midst of all their anxieties, the capture in the Downs the English troops, that they made free with a discipline much less strict than that of of the Soleil privateer, with the Earl of Derwentwater, his son, and several French took a fancy to, is tolerably certain. most articles which on their march they officers, gave them cause for rejoicing deed, it is to the position occupied by the Derwentwater's son, on his arrival in Lon-Highland clans, that we are inclined to bedon, was mistaken by the mob for the younger brother of the Pretender, and was with difficulty rescued from being torn in pieces.

the

As far as we can judge, the followers of Pretender seem to have behaved young

In

lieve the reluctant aid of the English Jacobites must after all be attributed. In London the eye of the government was indeed upon them; but in the north of England, Nearly every day now produces an extra- where town after town opened its gates to ordinary Gazette; and interesting is it to the young adventurer, what was to prevent follow in them the progress of these excit- them from joining his banner, even as their ing events. On the intelligence being re-grandfathers had joined that of Charles 1.? ceived that the rebel army are advancing What could it be? save that while in the into Derbyshire, the panic became great, and when the news actually arrived that the young Pretender had entered Derby, all business was at a stand, the shops were closed, and the orders issued to the train

bands and to the regular troops that guarded the metropolis, proved that the citizens viewed themselves almost as the inhabitants of a besieged city.* On Friday the

latter case they saw a king, bred, although not born in England, surrounded by English gentlemen, and supported by English yeomanry; in the present case they saw, were prepared-but one, un-English in his not only a foreign prince-for this they manners, tastes, and very dress; and he, but by foreigners who looked upon Engencompassed, not by bold English yeomen, land as a field for plunder, and were alike ignorant of her language and her history.

Two days Charles remained at Derby, exulting in the success that had hitherto attended him; and on the first night, turning his whole conversation to the triumphal entry into his father's capital, and deliberating whether he should appear in an En

glish or a Highland dress.' (!) But even said to have shed tears of vexation on finding at that moment his adherents were de-himself unable to overcome the repugnance of termining on an immediate retreat to Scot- his followers to a farther advance; and at last, after a stormy discussion of several hours, the council broke up without coming to any determination.

land.

support of the prince's views, and even his proposal to march into Wales, that the numerous Jacobites of the principality might have an opportunity to declare themselves, was unanimously disapproved of. O'Sullivan and Secretary Murray pointed out to him that the army would never fight well, if all the chiefs he could not prevail upon one of his officers acted with unwillingness; and, finding that consented to a retreat, adding, that in future, to yield to his wishes, he at length reluctantly as he was accountable for his actions only to God and his father, he would call no more councils of war.'-ib. pp. 337–341.

'Lord George Murray put himself forward 'During the afternoon, Charles endeavored as spokesman for the rest. He began by observing that the English Jacobites had dis- vainly to induce individual chiefs to come over played none of the zeal that had been ex-cil was held, when not one voice was raised in to his views, and in the evening a second counpected from them; that the looked-for landing of a French corps had not taken place, that longer to act upon the hope of either of those events would be inconsistent with their own safety, as Marshall Wade was already marching through Yorkshire, to occupy their rear, while the Duke of Cumberland was before them at Lichfield; that, in case of a farther advance, they would have to encounter a third army, assembled at Finchley: that the prince had only five thousand fighting men to oppose to these three corps, whose joint force could scarcely fall short of thirty thousand; that the army at Finchley, formed of the guards and new levies, was said to consist of twenty thousand men, and that, however exaggerated such an estimate might be, yet, even supposing the prince could break through it and enter London, his own force was too small to enable him to assume a commanding position there, or to afford protection to his own friends. He next endeavored to show how much more might even yet be hoped for from a retreat to Scotland, than from a rash and hopeless march to London. "Already," continued Lord George, pointing to the despatches which the prince had received that morning, "we learn that Lord John Drummond has landed at Montrose, with the regiment of Royal Scots and some piquets of the Irish brigade, so that the whole force under Lord Strathallan, ready to join us from Perth, is not less three or four thousand men."

It was in vain that Charles, after having listened impatiently to these arguments, still sought to encourage his followers with the hope that his English friends would all declare themselves as soon as he arrived in London, and that a landing of French troops would still take place on the coast of Kent or Essex. He held out the prospect of mutiny and desertion among the troops at Finchley, and reminded his friends that bold measures had often made up for the numerical inferiority of au army. He bade them remember in how marked a manner Providence had so far blessed his enterprise, and, repelling all considerations of persona security, he cried, "Rather than go back, I would wish to be twenty feet under ground! The other members of the council assented to the arguments of Murray, either in words, or by a not less expressive silence. Charles summoned all his powers of eloquence to make his friends view the case in this light; and, when he saw his arguments of no avail, he had recourse to entreaties, conjuring first one and then another not to desert his prince at his utmost need. He is even

Deeply mortified, the young adventurer had now to retrace his steps. He quitted Derby on the 6th of December for Ashbourn, and thence proceeded through Manchester to Carlisle. The Highlanders were violent in their expressions of anger and disappointment; and even Tory writers are forced to confess, that on their retreat they not merely spoiled, but attempted to set fire to some villages. Justice demands that this should be borne in mind, when the conduct of the victorious army at Culloden is considered. At Penrith the little army had a narrow escape from the Duke of Cumberland's dragoons, who overtook the rear. In the conflict, however, the dragoons were defeated, and Charles arrived at Carlisle on the 17th. Quitting Carlisle on the following day, he crossed the Esk with some difficulty, and re-entered Scotland, closely followed by the Duke of Cumberland's forces. As soon as the troops found themselves on Scottish ground, they rent the air with their cheers-cheers that smote like a knell on the ear of the young adventurer.

The news of the retreat of the rebel army seems scarcely to have been believed in London. It is first mentioned in the Gazette, as a rumor; and the extraordinary Gazette, published the next day, hardly takes the tone of certainty. Meanwhile, whether to reassure their friends, or to intimidate the government, the Jacobites appear to have been very active. Copies of the Pretender's proclamation were dropped about in various parts of London; and ru