The Influence of American Theories of Judicial Review on Nordic Constitutional LawCourts of some Nordic countries started reviewing the constitutionality of legislation long before judicial review was established elsewhere in Europe. This study examines the influence of American law and theories of judicial review on the development, practice and theorization of judicial review in Norway, Denmark, and Iceland from the 19th century to the present. The study describes how Nordic scholars in the late 19th century rationalized judicial review based on American theory and how American law influenced both their views of the institution and their way of thinking about substantive constitutional rights. These views in turn influenced Nordic jurisprudence for decades. The author then shows how the changes that took place in American constitutional jurisprudence in the 1930s and 1940s influenced Nordic constitutional theory and constitutional jurisprudence. These changes received significant attention in Nordic legal circles and the study examines how these changes, as well as the American and Nordic theory that built on them, influenced Nordic jurisprudence. Finally, it is argued that American influence in this area of law changed after 1965. Direct references to and discussions of American law almost disappeared from Nordic jurisprudence. American constitutional law was, however, an important influence on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, which importance increased in this period. The European Convention of Human Rights and the Court s decisions have in turn immensely influenced Nordic constitutional law. |
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19th century accompanying text Amendment American constitutional law American influence American law applied argued arguments Aschehoug Carsten Smith Castberg changes cited clear concerning Constitution of Norway Constitution's art constitutional interpretation Constitutional Limitations constitutionality context Convention Danish Constitutional decided decision delegation Denmark developments discussed dissent doctrine of vested Domstolenes due process ECHR economic rights ECtHR eminent domain enacted equal protection European exercise free speech freedom of speech Germer Human Rights Ibid Icelandic constitutional ideas important invalidated judicial review Justice legislative power legislature level of scrutiny majority Morgenstierne Nordic constitutional law Nordic countries Nordic law Nordic theory Norway Norwegian constitutional Norwegian courts Norwegian law Norwegian Supreme Court opinion Oslo Parliament police power political principle privilege prohibition provisions question regulations Reykjavík Schjelderup statute supra note supra note 26 t]he takings clause treatise U.S. Constitution U.S. Supreme Court unconstitutional United Kingdom upheld vested rights writings wrote