With money troops can be raised and maintained. | sia and Poland the Imperial election was held In a few weeks there was a considerable army on foot. The Bavarians instead of pushing on to Vienna, as Frederick urged them to do, turned off toward Bohemia to make a junction with the French and Saxons. They indeed took Prague; but in the end it proved a barren conquest. In fact, all the allies were jealous of each other; no one wished the other to be too successful.

Frederick and Neipperg had lain, ever since the battle of Mollwitz, close by each other, in strongly-fortified camps. The English embassador kept pressing Maria Theresa to yield to the demands of Prussia, and at length, on the 9th of October, brought about a secret meeting between Frederick and Neipperg, at the chateau of Schellendorf. Each was attended by a single officer, Hyndford being present and acting as mediator. It was verbally agreed that a truce should now be made, and a formal treaty signed before New Year; Frederick to retain all Silesia, and to have the strong town of Neisse, which he was then besieging. As a blind, the sham defense of Neisse was to be kept up for a fortnight longer, and then the place was to be given up. Neipperg was to retire unmolested into Moravia, and join his forces to the Austrians there. Frederick gave the Austrian general sound advice, to join Lobkowitz in Moravia, and then push into Bohemia, adding that, if they prospered, perhaps he would join the Queen byand-by; if not, every one must look out for himself. This agreement was to be kept a strict secret; if either party divulged it the other was at liberty to consider it broken and deny that it ever existed. Frederick took formal possession of his acquisition, while Neipperg joined his friends, and the combined Austrian armies poured into Bavaria. The Elector fled to the Palatinate, where he awaited the election which was to make him Emperor of Germany.

at Frankfurt. The vote of Bohemia having been excluded, as before decided, all the others were cast for Charles Albert of Bavaria, who thus be came Emperor of Germany, under the title of Charles VII., at the very moment when the Austrians were pouring into Bavaria. With this luckless monarch we shall have nothing further to do. We merely add that his new dignity was a mere nominal one; that he was an exile from his dominions, living upon the charity of the French Government, and died, of anxiety and shame, just two years, lacking four days, after his election.

Meanwhile the Austrians went on successfully almost every where, against the French, Bavarians, and Saxons; and late in February (the exact day is the 25th) the Aulic Council at Vienna resolved, in spite of English advice, to make one more attempt to wrest Silesia from Frederick; if that failed they would yield. Prince Charles, brother of Duke Francis, advanced with a strong regular army, masked by clouds of Croats and Tolpatches. Frederick, who had abandoned the impracticable Moravian adventure, advanced to meet him with nearly equal force-about 30,000 on a side. They met at Chotusitz, in Bohemia, on the 17th of May. The battle was fiercely contested, but ended in a complete victory for the Prussians, gained, as at Mollwitz, mainly by the infantry, for the Austrian cavalry had, on the whole, the advantage. The Prussian loss in killed and wounded was far the heavier, amounting to 1905, while that of the Austrians was but 1052; but including prisoners and missing, the Austrian loss was nearly 7000; that of the Prussians from 4000 to 5000. In this battle Frederick completely effaced the suspicion of personal cowardice which had rested upon him at Mollwitz.

The result of this action convinced Austria The Austrian court, thus successful, broke that the Prussians could not be beaten. Maria the pact of Schellendorf by making it public. Theresa decided for peace. Among the AusFrederick denied its existence, and prepared for trian prisoners was General Pallandt. "What hostility. He renewed and strengthened his a pity," he said to Frederick, "that you and my treaties with France, Bavaria, and Saxony. In Queen should be ruining one another for the sake January, 1742, he set off for Saxony, the Elect- of the French, who are playing false to you!" or of which was, we must bear in mind, King To prove this charge he offered to procure a letof Poland, and to be King of Moravia as soon ter written by Fleury to Maria Theresa, offering as that province should be conquered. This to make peace, and abandon Frederick. The Frederick was willing to aid in accomplishing. original letter was furnished; negotiations were The poor Polish King agreed to every thing, opened, Hyndford, the English embassador, urgbut cared more for the Opera than for winning ing them forward. On the 11th of June the a kingdom. But matters were arranged for a treaty was all arranged and duly signed at Bresjoint invasion, and Frederick started off for Mo- lau. Austria yielded forever to Prussia Upper ravia. Had his French and Saxon allies per- and Lower Silesia, and the County of Glatz, formed their part this winter expedition might with all its dependencies; Frederick promising have been successful. As it was, nothing was to take these in full of all claims. He was also effected. It was a mere foray, beginning on the to assume a debt of a couple of millions con5th of February and lasting just two months. tracted by the late Emperor upon Silesian secuIt gave Frederick a thorough disgust for his al-rity; and not to take any part against the Queen lies, and inspired him with a resolution to get of Hungary in the war which was still waging. rid of them as soon as he could, and yet secure The Queen of Hungary acceded to these conhis Silesian conquest. ditions with an ill grace. She complained bitOn the very day (January 24) upon which the terly against George II., who had forced her to meeting took place between the Kings of Prus-compliance by hints of withdrawing his subsi

dies;

but was comforted by the significant hint, "Madame, what was good to take is good to give up;" a hint which Maria Theresa bore in mind for many long years, though as it happened when she at length came to try to act upon it, she found George and his subsidies on the other side. So she agreed to the treaty of cession, meaning to violate whenever she could. Belleisle, the French general, was in the Prussian camp while the negotiations were going on, doing all in his power to obstruct them. Historians narrate a very lively dialogue between him and Frederick in those days:

"Does your Majesty mean to make peace with the Queen of Hungary?"

"The treaty is as good as finished. I've got all I want, and make peace. Any body would do the same."

"Dare you, Sire, to abandon your allies, and deceive such a monarch as the King of France ?" "Dare you, Sir, to talk to me in this manner!" replied Frederick, producing Fleury's letter, which Belleisle read, then rushed into the ante-room, tore his wig from his head, and stamped upon it, exclaiming, "That cursed priest has spoiled every thing!"

But Mr. Carlyle, who will take nothing at second-hand or upon doubtful evidence, finds no authentic record of this scene, and passes it by with a mere hint. All that is certain is, that Frederick said he had got all he wanted, and more than he had demanded, and had no more occasion for war.

The Franco-Bavarian army which, in September, 1741, was threatening Vienna, was by the close of the next year driven back from the Danube to the Rhine, and across it. Hardly an eighth of them reached France. Of 50,000 men 30,000 had been shot, starved, or frozen to death; and 12,000 were prisoners in Hungary, most of whom in the end took service with the Turks. George II. of England, who had been restrained from participation, except in a pecuniary way, now resolved to take part openly. It seemed that the glories of Marlborough might be emulated and exceeded. Terms might be again dictated to France. Austria might recover Lorraine, which had been given as the price for the French recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. Alsace and the three Bishoprics would for a time solace Maria Theresa for the loss of Silesia. But only for a time; for the loss of the jewel of her dominions ever rankled in her proud heart. Years after, as we hope to see in a future volume of Mr. Carlyle, she roused all Europe to arms in the hope of wresting it from the iron grasp of Frederick; and to the very latest day of her life, if a stranger getting audience of her was found to come from Silesia, her Majesty would burst into a flood of tears. Austria hoped to gain all this, while England would gain-it is hard to say what beyond the glory of humbling France.

In the spring of 1743 the English troops crossed to the Continent, and 44,000 strong, led by little George and his fat son, the Duke of Frederick was now fairly out of the contest, Cumberland, who it was thought had in him the and looked forward for a time of peace for him- making of a great captain. They got into the self and his Prussia. This was enjoyed for two Rhine and Maine country, where the French years, during which he was engaged in bringing had gathered a new army of 70,000 under Nothe affairs of the kingdom into order. But the ailles. At Aschaffenburg, near the little village great European war which had grown up around of Dettingen, the English found themselves this small Silesian one was far from ceasing. hemmed in by superior forces and their supplies The war in Italy we must dismiss in a para- intercepted. It seemed that they must starve graph, as it concerns Frederick but slightly. or withdraw, with an almost certain prospect of The Queen of Spain-the King being a mere being cut to pieces. They began their retreat. cipher-wished a throne for her second son, The French in their eagerness threw away the Don Philip. She had failed of having him advantage of position, attacked furiously, but at made Pope, and fixed upon Milan, which was the wrong time and place. Two of their generto be wrested from Austria. France aided Spain; als, it seems, were striving which should first but it was difficult to send troops and supplies win his marshal's baton. George showed abundthrough the Alpine passes; while the English ance of pluck, though little horsemanship. fleet, cruising in the Mediterranean, cut off ac- horse ran away with him; he flung himself on cess by water, and did good service otherwise, foot, put himself at the head of his infantry, especially by forcing the King of Naples, Phil- drew his sword, and stood there left foot drawn ip's elder brother, to remain neutral, under pain back, weapon thrust out like a fencing-master of having Naples bombarded. He had but an lunging en carte, while the balls were whistling hour given him to decide, the English Admiral around. The French were beaten off; neither laying his watch on the cabin table to note the Grammont nor Harcourt won his baton that time. This Italian war lasted seven years (from day. The English remained supperless on the 1741 to 1748). Great battles were fought-ground till far into the night; then took up their Campo-Santo, Rottofreddo, Piacenza, and oth- line of retreat, leaving their dead and wounded ers-of which we have not space to speak. behind. This was the famous battle of Dettingen, fought June 27, 1743. Not a very decisive battle after all; the French loss being 2659, that of the English quite as great, besides all their wounded, who became prisoners of war.

But the war in Germany concerned Frederick deeply, though for two full years he had no share in the fighting. France had undertaken to humble Austria, but Austria would not be humbled; and now that Frederick was out of the way, seemed much more likely to humble France.

His

Louis now wished to retire from this unprofitable business. He proposed to withdraw his

troops from the German territories, and be friends with Austria, with whom he had indeed never been at war, all that he had done having been not on his own account, but merely as an ally of the Empire. The Emperor would then, he suggested, be able to make peace with her Majesty of Hungary upon favorable terms. Poor Charles VII. was anxious enough for peace. If Bavaria were given back to him, and a pension settled upon him, as head of the Empire, for a few years, so that he could live until his dominions, which had been sorely ravaged, could afford him a decent revenue, he would resign all his Austrian pretensions, and consent to have Duke Francis, her Hungarian Majesty's august consort, made "King of the Romans," that is, the recognized heir-apparent of the Imperial crown. To these propositions Maria Theresa gave a scornful denial. She would not make peace with France without receiving compensation for the past and security for the future. And as for the Emperor, there was no such person; the exclusion of the Bohemian vote had vitiated the election. Instead of thinking of giving up Bavaria, which was now wholly in her hands, she exacted oaths of fealty to herself from the population, and drafted the militia into her Italian army. It was clear that Austria now looked upon herself as mistress of Germany, and would not make peace upon any terms which did not recognize for her this position. To this Frederick could not assent. He had been out of the war for more than a year, and had used every means to bring about a general pacification. He tried vainly to unite the German States into a defensive league, which should balance the Austrian power. France urged him to a new treaty, which meant a new war with England and Austria. Slowly the conclusion forced itself upon him that this was inevitable; and finally, on the 5th of April-just two years to a day after the treaty made at the camp of Strehlin-a new secret agreement was signed, from which, in six months, sprang up a second war.

With the closing days of this troubled peace Mr. Carlyle concludes his Third Volume. With the Fourth Volume, which it is understood will soon appear, the curtain will rise upon this second war, in which Frederick, tried by the extremes of success and disaster, proved himself equal to either fortune. Hitherto he had manifested no great military genius. His successes, as he himself said, had been owing quite as much to the faults of his opponents as to his own merits. But in the fiery ordeal through which he was now to pass were developed those powers which have given him a place among the great captains of the world.

all of whom are Mr. Carlyle himself; his comical denunciations of "Dryasdust," under which name he sums up the whole mass of histories, memoirs, and documents that furnish his materials; but we can not fail to recognize in him all the highest qualities of a historian. Nothing can exceed his patient industry. Motley has not explored the stately archives of Simancas with more care than Carlyle has groped among pamphlets and records. He has disentangled the few actual threads from bales of "shoddy," and woven them into a web, often grotesque in pattern and coloring, but always strong and coherent. His portraitures of individuals are marvelous. He catches the likeness of every person who moves across the stage, and fixes it often with a single stroke. We have Frederick, always keen, prompt, decisive; George II., the little old gentleman, standing something more than plumb straight, with garter leg well advanced; Maria Theresa, proud, passionate, impulsive; Louis XV., poor creature, solemnly washed and shirted in public; Maupertuis, heavy, pedantic, ridiculous; Voltaire, mischievous as an ape, and vain as a parrot; and a hundred others. He has not, indeed, like Macaulay, given us history made easy, which one can read as though it were a novel, but with the feeling always that it is only "founded on fact," and that the facts have been selected and arranged to suit the theory of the writer. But he has given us something better: a picture, or rather series of pictures, of the varying, shifting, and often contradictory aspects of human life and character, and of national growth and development at one of the great periods of modern history.

It

We venture the prediction that while every generation will lessen the esteem in which Macaulay's brilliant panegyric and invective will be held, Mr. Carlyle's Life of Frederick will stand as the great historical work of the age. abounds with moral maxims of the greatest weight. No opportunity is lost of pouring scorn and contempt upon imbeciles in high station. If a man can not govern he has no business to be a Ruler. "I am struck silent," says Mr, Carlyle, "in looking at much that goes on under these stars, and find that misappointment of your captains and of your exemplars and guiding individuals, higher and lower, is a fatal business always, and that especially, as highest instance of it, this of solemnly calling Chief Captain and King by the grace of God a gentleman who is not so, is the deepest fountain of human wretchedness, and the chief mendacity capable of being done." This thought, which occurs in every work of Carlyle, is the key-note to his poWe have merely attempted in this paper to litical and moral philosophy. It runs through give an abstract of the History of the first four "Sartor Resartus," the "French Revolution," years of the reign of Frederick, apart from the "Cromwell," the "Latter-Day Pamphlets," as Biography, which is the essential feature of Mr. well as through "Frederick." A Henry VI. or Carlyle's work. We may protest against his a Louis XVI. is the one who brings ruin and peculiar manner; his abrupt and parenthetical misery upon his State. How far need we Amerstyle; his curious citations from "Smellfungus," icans to go back to find a case in point in our "Sauerteig," the "Constitutional Historian," own History?

THE ADVENTURES OF PHILIP.

BY W. M. THACKERAY.