secure. Indeed it is clear that the French have turned their` hopes upon this great body of Germans. They hope to allure them by grants of Ohio lands. To this end, they send their Jesuitical emissaries among them over to persuade them over to the Popish religion. In concert with this, the French for so many years have encroached on our province, and are now so near their scheme as to be within two days' march of some of our black settlements "—alluding, of course to the state of the western wilds, overrun by French and Indians, just before the arrival of Braddock's forces in Virginia, in 1755.

"The writer (Wharton) imputes their wrong bias in general to their "stubborn genius and ignorance," which he proposes to soften by education-a scheme still suggested as necessary to give the general mass of the inland country Germans right views of public individual interests. To this end, he proposes that faithful Protestant ministers and schoolmasters should be supported among them. That their children should be taught the English tongue; the government in the mean time should suspend their right of voting for members of Assembly; and to incline them the sooner to become English in education and feeling, we should compel them to make all bonds and other legal writings in English, and no newspaper or almanack be circulated among them, also accompanied by the English thereof.

Finally, the writer concludes, that "without some such measure, I see nothing to prevent this Province falling into the hands of the French."* A scheme to educate the Germans, as alluded to, was started in 1755 and carried on for several years.+

The number of Germans about the year 1755, was not short of sixty or seventy thousand in Pennsylvania; nearly all of them Protestants; whereof, according to the Rev. Schlotter's statement, at the time, there were thirty thousand German Reformed-the Lutherans were more numerous. Besides these, there were other Germans, viz: Mennonites, German Baptists, (Dunkards,) Moravians, some few German Quakers, Seventh-day Baptists,Catholics, and Schwenk filders.

"Herr Schlatter rechnet die Anzahl der Reformirten Teutschen in

Watson's Annals, ii, 257.

+ See Appendix, B.-Scheme to educate the Gergans.

Pensylvanien auf 30,000-Herr Schlatter Reformirten glaubt, dass die Reformirten nur den dritten Theil der Teutschen in Pensylvanien ausmachen.-Hal. Nach. 512.

The number of German Catholics did not exceed (1755) 7 hundred. In the autumn of 1754, one hundred and fifty-eight Catholics arrived at Philadelphia.

The number of Catholics in 1757, beginning from twelve years of age, including German, English and Irish, about fourteen hundred, according to a statement by Mr. Warden, April 29, 1757. There were then in and about Philadelphia and in Chester county, under the care of the Rev. Robert Harding, 90 males and 100 females, all Irish and English. In Philadelphia city and county, Berks and Northampton, under the care of Theodore Schneider, 252 males and 248 females, all Germans; in Berks and Chester, 92, whereof 15 were Irish. In Lancaster, Berks, Chester and Cumberland, under the care of Ferdinand Farmer, 394, whereof 97 were Irish. In York county, under the care of Mathias Manners, 54 German males, 62 females; 35 Irish males, and 38 females.-Prov. Rec.

About nine-tenths of the first settlers of York, then including Adams county, were Germans, and some small proportion of Cumberland now within the limits of Franklin, was originally settled by them, and some part of Dauphin (then Lancaster.) Cumberland was exclusively settled by Scotch, and Scotch Irish, with the exception of a few English.* The Germans did not begin to immigrate into the lower part of Cumberland till abount 1760 or 62. The great influx into Cumberland commenced about 1770. In the lower part of the county, were among the early German settlers, John German, Henry Longsdorff, John Leininger, Michael Bore, Michael Kunkle, Andrew Capp, Michael Dill, Michael Hack, Conrad Manasmith, Baltzer Schneider, Mathias Saylor, Christopher Wittmayer, Casper Weber, Simion Krauss, Elias Emminger, Leonard Fischer, Martin Herrman, Philip Jacobs, Christopher Mayer, Jonas Rupp, George Rupley, Casper Reider, John Scherer, John Wormley, Christopher Eichelberger, W. Buchhalter, Christian Fuchs, Jacob Herschberger, Simon Pretz, Henry Umberger, Adam Arris, Adam Kreutzer, Daniel Franks, Jacob Othenwalt, Joseph Baumann, Dewalt Erfurth, Jacob Forney, Henry Herschberger, Henry Humbarger, Philip Lang, Jacob Lebenstein, and some others who had all settled before 1775, in East Penn township.

The following are among Germans who had settled in Allen township before 1775, viz: Adam Kuhn, Christian

See Article, "The Irish."

Schwartz, Carolus Emhoff, Peter Albert, John Knauer, Christian Bollinger, Joseph Strack, Heinrich Tustus Weber, Michael Weiss, Jacob Weiss, George Wingler, Henry Yordee, John Schaever, Henry Tom, Jacob Yordee, Ludwig Braun, John Gerber, John Grieger, Abraham Heid, Jacob Knob, Jacob Miller, Samuel Neisly, Adam Barnhart, Ludwig Brandt, John Bielman, John Cocklin, Jacob Cocklin, Leonard Wolf, Samuel Baer, John Brindel, Martin Brandt, Jacob Bricker, Jacob Kreiser, Gideon Kober, Jacob Frey, Peter Herr, John Riehm.*

In the Conogocheague settlements, there were several German settlers at a very early period, about 1736-'45, among these were the Snivelys, Schneiders, Piscackers, Liepers, Ledermans, Haricks, Laws, Kolps, Gabriels, Ringers, Steiners, Senseny, Radebach, Reischer, Wolffs, Schniedt.

Within, or on the borders of the present limits of Dauphin county, were some German families settled prior to 1745; these were, Gabriel, Schultz, Musser or Moser, Rosebaum, Ricker, Boor, Schwar, Lichty, Roth, Schitz, Hailman, Brechtbill, Sies, and others.

* See History of Cumberland county, chapter XXIV.

CHAPTER III.

THE IRISH OR SCOTCH IRISH."

Time of their first immigration--Settle first near the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania---James Logan's statement concerning them---First settlers in Donegal---In Peshtank---Richard Peters' complains of them--They oppose a survey in Adams county--Settle west of the Susquehanna, in Cumberland county--Disagreement between the Irish and Germans, at Lancaster and York---Immigration of, to Cumberland county encouraged---Lord's prayer in Irish.

According to Mr. Watson's statement, Irish immigrants did not begin to come to Pennsylvania as soon as the Germans. It appears few, if any, arrived in the Province, prior to 1719. Those that did then arrive, came principally from the north of Ireland.

• Irish or Scotch Irish. This term is used to designate a numerous and honorable people, who immigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania at an early date. Whence this term is derived, the following historical notice, will serve to explain. During the reign of Charles I., in the year 1641, October 27, the massacre of the Irish Protestants occurred, in Ireland, where, in a few days, fifty thousand were inhumanly, without regard to sex, age or quality, butchered; and many fled to the North of Scotland, from which country the North of Ireland had been colonized by Protestants.

An act was passed by Parliament, (the act of uniformity) 1662, requiring all ministers and churches rigidly to conform to the rites of the established church, which occasion two thousand ministers (called Non-conformists) to dissent and abandon their pulpits. This act affected Scotland with equal severity. In 1691, the Toleration act was passed, under which the dissenters enjoyed greater privileges; but, in the reign of Queen Ann, (1704-1714) the Schism Bill, which had actually obtained the royal assent, alarmed the dissenters much-the provisions of that bill were, that dissenters were not to be suffered to educate their own children, but required them to be put into the hands of Conformists, and which forbade all tutors and school masters being present at any conventicle or disserting plan of worship.

These difficulties and the unsettled state of affairs in Europe drove many of the more quiet citizens from their native home, and of this number were those, and descendants of those who had filed from the north of Ireland to Scotland, as well as genuine Scotch.

Such as came first, generally settled near or about the disputed line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, if we except those who settled in Donegal township, Lancaster county, and those of Craig's, and Martin's settlements in Northampton ampton county.

James Logan, writing of them to the Proprietaries, in 1724, says, they have generally taken up the southern lands, (meaning in Lancaster, towards the Maryland line,) and as they rarely approached him to propose to purchase, he calls them bold and indigent strangers, saying as their excuse, when challenged for titles, that we had solicited for colonists, and they had come accordingly. They were, however, understood to be a tolerated class, exempt from rents by an ordinance of 1720, in consideration of their being a frontier people, forming a kind of cordon of defence, if needful.They were soon called bad neighbors by the Indians, treating them disdainfully, and finally were the same race who committed the outrages called Paxtang Massacre. The general ideas are found in the Logan MSS. collection. Some of the data are as follows:

"In 1725, James Logan states, that there are so many as one hundred thousand acres of land, possessed by persons, (including Germans,) who resolutely set down and improved it without any right to it, and he is much at a loss to determine how to dispossess them.

In New Castle government there arrived last year (1728) says the Gazette (of 1729) forty-five hundred persons, chiefly from Ireland.

"In 1729, Logan expresses himself glad to find that the Parliament is about to take measures to prevent the too free emigration to this country. In the meantime the Assembly had laid a restraining tax of twenty shillings a head for every servant arriving; but even this was evaded in the case of the arrival of a ship from Dublin, with one hundred catholics and convicts, by landing them at Burlington. It looks, says he, as if Ireland is to send all her inhabitants hither, for last week, not less than six ships arrived, and every day two or three arrive also. The common fear is, that if they continue to come, they will make themselves proprietors of the province. It is strange, says he, that they thus crowd where they are not wanted. But besides these, convicts are impor