of Petersburg, in Adams county, to Hanover, thence to Baltimore. The Harrisburg and York turnpike road, passes along the west side of the Susquehanna. These roads and all the highways, are usually kept in good order, by means of which, and the numerous bridges in the county every portion is easily accessible by wagons, or vehicles for plea

sure.

The modes of transporting or conveying produce and other articles of commerce, have been, like the highways, thorough fares, or public roads, much improved within the memory of many now living, west of the Susquehanna. Sixty or seventy years ago five hundred pack horses had been at one time in Carlisle, going thence to Shippensburg, Fort Loudon, and further westward, loaded with merchandise, also salt, iron, &c. The pack-horses used to carry bars of iron on their backs, crooked over and around their bodiesbarrels or cags were hung on each side of these.

Colonel Snyder of Chambersburg, in a conversation with the writer (August 1845) said, that he cleared many a day from six to eight dollars in crooking, or bending iron, and shoeing horses for western carriers, at the time he was carrying on a blacksmith shop, in the town of Chambersburg.

The pack horses were generally led in divisions of twelve or fifteen horses, carrying about two hundred weight each, all going single file, and being managed by two men, one going before as the leader, and the other at the tail, to see after the safety of the packs. Where the bridle road passed along declivities or over hills, the path was, in some places, washed out so deep that the packs or burdens came in contact with the ground, or other impeding obstacles, and were frequently displaced. However, as the carriers usually travelled in companies, the packs were soon adjusted, and no great delay occasioned.

The pack horses were generally furnished with bells, which were kept from ringing during the day drive, but were let loose at night, when the horses were set free and permitted to feed and browse. The bells were intended as guides to direct their whereabouts in the morning. When wagons were first introduced, the carriers considered that mode of "transportation," an invasion of their rights-their indignation was more excited and they manifested greater

rancor, than did the regular teamsters when the line of single teams was started some thirty years ago.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE WHITES INTRUDE UPON INDIAN, OR UNPURCHASED

LANDS, &c.

Influx of immigrants increased; Irish and some few Germans intrude upon Indian lands north of the Kittatinny mountain, &c.; Indians become irritated and threatened to do themselves justice; Conference held in Pennsborough touching the Indians' complaints; Richard Peters and others proceed to remove the intruders; Several cabins burnt on Juniata river, Shearman's creek; Peters and others proceed to Shippensburg, thence to Tuscarora Path, and burn several cabins; Proceed to Big Cove, &c.; Brief sketch of early settlements.

Immigrants in their westward course entered the "North Valley" about the year 1730 or 1731; their number steadily increased till it had reached, in 1740, several thousand; for in 1749, the number of taxables were eight hundred and seven; and so rapid was the increase of first settlers that in 1751, the taxables numbered eleven hundred and thirty-four. So great was the number, and rapid the progress of settlements, as to alarm the Indians; for many of the pioneers were so impatient of the delays of the land office, that they pushed settlements beyond the bounds of the purchase of October 1736 (see pa. 32, ante,) and were viewed, by the Indians, and justly too, as intruders. These were chiefly Irish, and some few Germans, who seated themselves on the Juniata river, Shearman's creek, Tuscarora Path, or Path Valley, in the Little, and Big Cove, formed by the Kittatinny and Tuscarora mountains; and by the Big and Little Conolloways. The first of the intruders commenced settlements on the unpurchased lands about the year 1740; and

increased despite the complaints of the Indians, the laws of the Province, and the proclamations of the governor.

The Six Nations having consulted in council on this subject, sent a grand deputation from every tribe to Philadelphia, to present their remonstrances. The Senecas arrived first, and having been attentively heard, were dismissed, with a present of one hundred pounds, and with instructions, should they meet their compatriots, to report what they had done, and to persuade them to return. But the Senecas either did not meet the other deputies, or were unable to change their determination. They arrived shortly afterwards in the city, and on a short conference, were dismissed, with a present of fifty pounds. Upon their return, the effect of the rival attentions of the Europeans was plainly visible upon the Indians. Their respect for the whites was much diminished, and their conduct was marked with wantoness and insolence. They killed the cattle of the inhabitants as they passed through the country, and mischievously wasted their orchards. Even the property of Conrad Weiser (residing near the present site of Wommelsdort, Berks county) who was personally known to, and esteemed, by them, was not respected by the Tortuloes; who were, on his complaints, driven off by the Seneca chiefs. The depredations they committed along their route were repaired by the Assembly, that the people, satisfied with their indemnity, might bear more patiently the insolence of their visitors.

The threats of the Indians to do themselves that justice they despaired to receive from the government, produced prompt and decisive measures. The Secretary of the Province, Mr. Richard Peters, and the interpreter, Mr. Conrad Weiser, were directed to proceed to the county of Cumberland, in which the new settlements lay, and to expel the intruders. They were joined by the magistrates of the county, the delegates from the Six Nations, a chief of the Mohawks and Andrew Montour, an interpreter from Ohio. The commissioners met with little resistence in the execution of their duty; a few only of the settlers, under an apprehension of imprisonment, making a show of opposition. All readily entered into recognizance for their appearance at the next sessions, and many aided to reduce their own habitations to ashes in the presence of the magistrates and attendant Indians.

Mr. Peters displayed on this occasion great pruduce and humanity. To the needy he gave money, and proffered an asylum on farms of his own; and to all he granted permission to establish themselves on a tract of two millions of acres, purchased from the Indians on the east side of the Susquehanna, in the preceding year, for the proprietaries— But, notwithstanding this evidence of the resolution of the government, and the determination of the Indians, new offence was given to the latter, by new encroachments, within a few months.-Gordon.

The proceedings alluded to above, are inserted at large, as being full of interesting and historical incidents.

To James Hamilton, Esq. Governor of Pennsylvania.

May it please your Honor:

Mr. Weiser and I having received your Honor's orders to give information to the proper magistrates against all such as had presumed to settle and remain on the lands beyond the Kittochtinny mountains, not purchased of the Indians, in contempt of the laws repeatedly signifiied by proclamations, and particularly by your Honor's last one, and to bring them to a legal conviction, lest for want of their removal a breach should ensue between the Six Nations of Indians and this Province. We set out on Tuesday, the 15th of May 1750, for the new county of Cumberland, where the places on which the trespassers had settled, lay.

At Mr. Croghan's we met with five Indians, three from Shamokin, two of which were sons of the late Shickcalamy, who transact the business of the Six Nations with this government; two were just arrived from Allegheny, viz: one of the Mohock's nation, called Aaron, and Andrew Montour, the interpreter at Ohio. Mr. Montour telling us he had a message from the Ohio Indians and Twightwees to this government, and desiring a conference, one was held on the the 18th of May last, in the presence of James Galbreth, George Croghan, William Wilson, and Hermanus Alricks, Esqs., justices of the county of Cumberland; and when Mr. Montour's business was done, we, with the advice of the other justices, imparted to the Indians the design we were assembled upon, at which they expressed great satisfaction.

Another conference was held, at the instance of the Indians, in the presence of Mr. Galbreth and Mr. Croghan, before mentioned, wherein they expressed themselves as follows:

Brethren, we have thought a great deal of what you imparted to us, that ye were come to turn the people off who are settled over the hills; we are pleased to see you on this occasion, and as the council of Onondago has this affair exceedingly at heart, and it was particularly recommended to us by the deputies of the Six Nations. when they parted from us last summer, we desire to accompany you, but we are afraid, notwithstanding the care of the governor, that this may prove like many former attempts; the people will be put

off now, and next year come again; and if so, the Six Nations will no longer bear it, but do themselves justice. To prevent this, therefore, when you shall have turned the people off, we recommend it to the governor, to place two or three faithful persons over the mountains, who may be agreeable to him and us, with commissions, empowering them immediately to remove every one who may presume after this to settle themselves, until the Six Nations shall agree to make sale of their land.

To enforce this they gave a string of wampum, and received one in return from the magistrates, with the strongest assurances that they would do their duty.

On Tuesday, the 22nd of May, Matthew Dill, George Croghan, Benjamin Chambers, Thomas Wilson, John Finley and James Galbreath, Esqs., justices of the said county of Cumberland, attended by the under sheriff, came to Big Juniata, situate at the distance of twenty miles from the mouth thereof, and about ten miles north from the Blue Hills, a place much esteemed by the Indians for some of their best hunting ground; and there they found five cabins or log houses, one possessed by William White, another by George Cahoon, another not quite yet finished, in possession of David Hiddleston, another possessed by George and William Galloway, and another by Andrew Lycon; of these persons, William White and George and William Galloway, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon appeared before the magistrates, and being asked by what right or authority they had possessed themselves of those lands, and erected cabins thereon? They replied, by no right or authority, but that the land belonged to the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. They then were asked, whether they did not know they were acting against the law, and in contempt of frequent notices given them by the governor's proclamation? They said they had seen one such proclamation, and had nothing o say for themselves, but craved mercy. Hereupon the said William White, George and William Galloway, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon, being convicted by said justices on their view, the under sheriff was charged with them, and he took William White, David Huddleston and George Cahoon into custody, but George and William Galloway resisted, and having got at some distance from the under sheriff, they called to us: You may take our lands and houses and do what you please with them; we deliver them to you with all our hearts, but we will not be carried to jail.

The next morning being Wednesday, the 23rd of May, the said justices went to the log house or cabin of Andrew Lycon, and finding none there but children, and hearing that the father and mother were expected soon, and William White and others offering to become security, jointly and severally, and to enter into recognizance, as well as for Andrew's appearance at court, and immediate removal, as for their own; this proposal was accepted, and William White, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon, entered into a recognizance of one hundred pounds, and executed bonds to the Proprietaries in the sum of five hundred pounds, reciting, that they were trespassers, and had no manner of right, and had delivered possession to me for the Proprietaries. When the magistrates went to the cabin or log house of George and William Galloway, (which they had delivered up as aforesaid the day before, after they were convicted, and were flying