"Chinese Education"-V. K. Wellington Koo, ambassador from China to the United States, Washington, D.C.

"Trust in Humanity"-Thomas Mott Osborne, warden of Sing Sing, Ossining, N.Y. "Some International Aspects of Public Education"-William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D.C.

FIFTH DAY'S PROCEEDINGS'

EIGHTH SESSION-FRIDAY EVENING, JULY 7, 7:30 O'CLOCK

After the musical numbers the announcement was made that the judges had awarded the prizes for the best essays on the subject of "Thrift, with an Outline of a Method by Which the Principles of Thrift May Be Taught in Our Public Schools" as follows:

First prize, Teresa M. Lenney, New Rochelle, N.Y.; tied for second prize, Frances V. Frisbie, Indianapolis, Ind.; Alfred F. Howes, Manchester, Conn.; Isadore Kaplan, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Cora L. Swafford, Minneapolis, Minn. Special mention was given to the essays by the following: T. W. DeHaven, Houghton, Mich., and Evelyn King Gilmore, Selma, Ala.

The winners in the school contest were as follows:

First, Nellie Harrington, Washington, D.C.; second, William Denniger, Scranton, Pa.; third, Ruth Carver, Louisville, Ky.; fourth, Charles Lane, Imperial, Cal.; fifth, Laura A. Yeater, Mannington, W.Va.; sixth, Eleanor Webster, New Brighton, Pa.; seventh, Nettie Mart, Jamestown, N.D.; tied for eighth place: Abram Green, Scranton, Pa.; Zitella McClellan, Kaysville, Utah; Firman DeMaris, Vineland, N.J., and Evan Alsip, Imperial, Cal.

The meeting was called to order by President Johnson and the following program given:

"The Gary Plan"-William A. Wirt, superintendent of schools, Gary, Ind. "The American School and the Working Man"-Samuel Gompers, president, American Federation of Labor, Washington, D.C.

"Nationalizing Education"-John Dewey, professor of philosophy, Columbia University, New York, N.Y.

"Possibilities of a National University at the Capital"-Simeon D. Fess, Member of Congress from Ohio, Washington, D.C.

President Johnson presented the President-elect, Robert J. Aley, President, University of Maine, Orono, Me., who spoke as follows:

I appreciate very greatly the honor which you have conferred upon me by making me your President for the coming year. I realize that the responsibility of the position is very great. The program of this year has been the best ever presented to the Association. It makes it very difficult indeed for the officers of the coming year to meet expectations. An acceptable program for 1917 is possible only if the membership will unite and co-operate to produce it. I feel sure that I shall have the hearty support and help of all of you.

After brief remarks of thanks and appreciation, President Johnson announst the adjournment of the Convention.

D. W. SPRINGER, Secretary

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

Resolved, That the National Education Association expresses its appreciation of the measures taken by the Committee of Arrangements to insure the success of this meeting. The large advance enrolment, the greatest in the history of the Association, the provision of satisfactory rooms for holding the various meetings of departments, the organization of information for the visiting members, the courteous welcome and generous hospitality of officials, teachers, and citizens of all classes, the reliable and informing reports of the public meetings appearing in the public press insure that the New York meeting of 1916 will be remembered as worthy of the metropolis of the nation and as setting a new standard for future meetings.

Resolved, That the President of this Association be authorized to name a committee of active members, of which committee the President of the Association shall be a member, to request the President of the United States to appoint a commission to investigate and report upon the condition of the woman on the farm and of the rural home of the United States.

Resolved, That the National Education Association indorses the co-operative movement for the promotion of citizenship education inaugurated by the Bureau of Naturalization of the Department of Labor.

Resolved, That the National Education Association urges upon the Congress of the United States the appropriation of fifty thousand dollars to be administered thru the United States Bureau of Education for the purpose of disseminating information as to the methods, standards, and establisht practices in the education of immigrants, and in stimulating the extension of the necessary educational facilities looking to the Americanization of the foreign-born or alien residents of this country.

Resolved, That the National Education Association again declares its belief in equal suffrage for men and women and urges upon its members the support of such measures as will hasten the consummation of this end.

Resolved, That the National Education Association calls the attention of the American people to the fact that teaching is a profession demanding for its successful practice a technical training that will put the teacher in possession of professional standards; that these professional standards can be maintained only by the emp oyment of superintendents, supervisors, and teachers who have unquestioned professional qualifications for their work; that the members of the teaching profession can have and serve but one client, the public; that the public, therefore, owes a duty to itself and the members of the profession to see to it that only professional considerations enter into the employment, retention, and dismissal of teachers. The Association believes that the public can elevate and strengthen the professional status of teachers and thereby serve itself by securing legislation that shall embody the following provisions:

1. The powers and duties of superintendents of schools should receive definition by legislative enactment. Definite professional qualifications should be required by all appointees to office. The term of the superintendent of schools should be not less than three years; the power of nominating all teachers and members of the educational staff should be given the superintendent.

2. The tenure of office of teachers should, after a probationary period, be permanent. Removal should be possible only for inefficiency, immorality, or grievous neglect of duty. Salaries should be fixt so as to insure to teachers a standard of living in keeping with the professional demands made upon them. Retiring allowances or pensions should be provided either by state or local action.

Resolved, That the National Education Association gives expression again to the consciousness that the school is an institution developt by society to conserve the wellbeing of humanity, and that on this solid foundation all subordinate aims and uses of the school should be made to rest. Assembled as it is in a time of world-wide disturbance, doubt, and uncertainty, and of consequent national concern, the Association affirms its unswerving adherence to the unchanging principles of justice between persons and between nations; it affirms its belief that the instruction in the school should tend to furnish the mind with the knowledge of the arts and sciences on which the prosperity of the nations rests and to incline the will of men and nations toward acts of peace; it declares its devotion to America and American ideals and recognizes the priority of the claims of our beloved country on our property, our minds, our hearts, and our lives. It records its conviction that the true policy to be followed, both by the school and by the nation which it serves, is to keep the American public school free from sectarian interference, partisan politics, and disputed public policies, that it may remain unimpaired in its power to serve the whole people. While it recognizes that the community, or the state, may introduce such elements of military training into the schools as may seem wise and prudent, yet it

believes that such training should be strictly educational in its aim and organization, and that military ends should not be permitted to pervert the educational purposes and practices of the school.

WILLIAM B. OWEN, principal, Chicago Normal College, Chicago, Ill.,
Chairman.

H. J. WATERS, president, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan,
Kans.

GEORGE L. TOWNE, editor, Nebraska Teacher, Lincoln, Nebr.

W. C. BAGLEY, professor of education, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. ARTHUR H. CHAMBERLAIN, executive secretary, California Teachers' Association, San Francisco, Cal.

A. E. WINSHIP, editor, Journal of Education, Boston, Mass.

N. C. SCHAEFFER, state superintendent of public instruction, Harrisburg, Pa.
E. E. BASS, superintendent of schools, Greenville, Miss.

H. H. SEERLEY, president, Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls, Ia.
FRANK M. HARPER, superintendent of schools, Raleigh, N.C.

J. E. WALMSLEY, professor of history, civics, and political economy, Win-
throp Normal and Industrial College, Rock Hill, S.C.

M. P. SHAWKEY, state superintendent of schools, Charleston, W.Va.

GENERAL SESSIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION

ADDRESSES OF WELCOME

1. CHARLES S. WHITMAN, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ALBANY, N.Y.

In behalf of ten million patriotic American citizens-residents of the commonwealth of New York-I extend a most cordial welcome to this distinguisht body of the nation's leaders in public education who have come from every state in our Union to deliberate and determine upon general policies by which you may render to the nation in the discharge of your duties a more vital and effective service.

There is no class of public servants whose labors are more appreciated by the people of the whole country, and there is no agency of the government so well equipt to preserve the traditions of our national life and to prepare the future generations successfully to meet the great social, economic, and industrial problems which our rapidly developing and advancing civilization must encounter. You should not underestimate the importance of your profession nor the influence which you are exerting in the development of American citizenship. The free-school systems of our American states are the greatest democratic institutions which have been establisht by the government of any nation in the world. There is no institution more sacredly cherisht by a people whose government is establisht upon the principles of individual freedom and justice than the American common school-the public school.

There are 20,000,000 children under the instruction of the teachers of this country who in a few years will take their places among the citizens of the nation. This number represents one-fifth of the entire population of the country. Employed in the instruction of these children is an army in excess of one-half million teachers who are under the command of several thousand trained supervisory school officers. For the support of these schools, the people of this country vote taxes upon their property annually in excess of onehalf billion dollars. Therefore, when I contemplate the proper marshaling of these mighty forces, when I observe the earnest and patriotic devotion of the American teacher, and when the schools are in active operation and I can each morning hear the tramp of the feet of 20,000,000 American boys and girls marching to the schoolhouses which have been establisht in every city, village, hamlet, mountain-top, and valley of the nation—representing as they do the people of every nation of the world-there to learn the lesson of obedience, patience, industry, tolerance, self-reliance, and patriotic devotion to their country, I know that the ideals of our republican institutions are establisht upon enduring foundations.

I am gratified to be able to claim title to membership in your great fraternity, for some of the most valuable experience and discipline which I have received came thru my service as a teacher. I am also gratified to state, in the presence of this representative national body of men and women engaged in educational work, that in a year of great and troublesome demands upon the treasury of the state, I approved the largest appropriation for the support of the common schools of the state which New York has ever appropriated for her public-school system. I also found it a great personal satisfaction to give executive approval to every dollar appropriated by the legislature for educational purposes which had the approval of the commissioner of education.

Again, I extend to you the state's heartiest welcome and accord to you the freedom of all of our public buildings and public institutions and extend to you the privilege of the

state's domain, her rivers, her lakes, and her mountains. May the deliberations of your convention result in that improvement in our educational interests which you all desire and in which the people of the country will cooperate in order to make it effective.

II. JOHN H. FINLEY, PRESIDENT, UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, AND STATE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, ALBANY, N.Y.

After our governor has spoken for the whole state, we who have further words of welcome to speak must appear as decimal or as common fractions, even tho we try to magnify ourselves into improper fractions. And since he has, to enter another elementary field, given the "principal parts" of the state's welcome, and has conjugated that welcome in all its usual moods and tenses, from the first person, singular number, indicative mood, and present tense, to the gerund, I betake myself for my word to that conjugation known as the "periphrastic"-that conjugation which is as a fraction added to a whole number, an auxiliary added to a verb. And I employ particularly the periphrastic in the mood and tense of the about-to-be, and so express to you the welcome of the state-which-is-about to-be-the state for which the children in our schools are being trained and mobilized, the state which, with the states you represent from Maine to California, will send its youth to the borders of the nation-of-tomorrow.

Some of you saw that great map of this state at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, showing in relief every hill, mountain, and valley, creek, lake, and city in this state—the physical state of the ten millions over which Governor Whitman presides. But that which attracted thousands to it and stirred them was not the mere microcosm of this physical empire. It was the flashing of the thousands of little incandescent lamps, of varying colors: now the pink showing the Indian schools; now the green showing the nurses' training schools; now the blue showing the libraries; now the red showing the high schools; and, finally, the dazzling blaze of white lights representing the 11,642 elementary schools in the state. They are the beacons of the state-about-to-be; they are the fires upon the altars at which democracy is praying every day for the state-of-tomorrow; they mark the sites of the camps where she is today preparing for the defense of those ideal things which alone justify the defense of her physical borders today.

At the headquarters of the National Guard in this city last week, I saw a map upon which officers were marking the numbers gathered from all parts of the state to be sent to the borders of our land, under a federal plan of strategy and command. But we have no federalized educational army. We have only a general, an eloquent general. The nation depends almost solely upon the educational militia of the several states for that which is fundamentally essential to the pursuit of national ideals. It is especially important, therefore, that we should have such a national conference as this to consider how we can most helpfully and effectively cooperate as states for making and defending spiritually and physically the nobler nation-of-tomorrow. And we must realize that we have a task requiring a devotion and faith and valor comparable with that of the soldier, but demanding a richness, thoroness, and breadth of preparation and knowledge, and an ability to lead and patiently to endure, even beyond his. For the way to the spiritual borders of our nation-that-is-to-be lies thru the schoolhouse door. Here is our greatest task: to bring our schools into conscious service to a great national constructive program of aspiration for tomorrow.

President Wilson in a speech last Friday night said: "Look for the rulers of the future. Can you pick out the families that are going to produce them? Can you pick out the localities that are going to produce them?" No, but he can be sure that they are being prepared by you and those whom you represent. This is not a convention of men and women who will nominate presidents; it is a convention of those who will prepare men who will be fit to be presidents, for, as Chesterton has said, "democracy is ever dreaming of a nation of sovereigns."