infernal occupants down to their proper home. He did not, however, completely exorcise the ancient name; for as Fiends' Fell the hill is mentioned in the Black Book of Hexham of the year 1479. Yet there is a certain fitness in the name, as though the mountain were the English counterpart of Niphates, "whither spiteful Satan steered": at its feet lies Eden valley, -a name which (whatever be its etymological meaning) seems not unhappily chosen as a term of description, if we see the vale from a carriage window on a sunny summer afternoon, as the train comes racing down the long incline from the heights of Stainmore, a rich expanse of undulating pasture and woodland, the bright emerald green of newly shorn meadows and the deeper verdure of August trees, smooth slopes of pasture and

"hedgerows, hardly hedgerows, little lines

Of sportive wood run wild;"

for so they appear from the height :--and the steep, heathery flanks of Cross Fell and his comrades guarding the whole,

"Mountains which like giants stand

To sentinel enchanted land."

An enchanted land it surely is, when summer suns have wrought their witchery upon it, and not the only specimen of its kind hereabouts to be found.

ever there is

"a little lowly vale,

A lowly vale, and yet uplifted high

Where

Among the mountains, even as if the spot
Had been from eldest time by wish of theirs,
So placed, to be shut out from all the world,"

there we have so much of fairy-land,-a fairy-land which shall claim of us more than the seven years' servitude which the Queen of Elfland imposed upon True Thomas; for when once it has won our allegiance, we shall not cease to love it as long as we live,

"Thro' weal or woe as may chance to be."

R. H. F.

Obituary.

PROFESSOR ALFREDO ANTUNES KANTHACK M.A.

On December 21st there passed away the foremost and most brilliant of the younger generation of pathologists in the person of Professor Kanthack.

Professor Kanthack was the second son of Emilio Kanthack, some time British Consul at Pará, Brazil. He was born at Bahia in Brazil on March 4th 1863, and came to Europe in 1869. The years 1871-81 were spent at School in Germany; first at Hamburg, and afterwards at the Gymnasia at Wandsbeck, Lüneburg, and Gütersloh. In 1881 he came to England, and for a short time attended Liverpool College, entering University College, Liverpool, in 1882. Like many others who have become distinguished in after life, his mental powers developed rather late; he was regarded as a backward boy, and it was not till after he left school that the immense powers he had of acquiring the mastery of any subject disclosed themselves. At University College, Liverpool, his career in the Medical School was one of great brilliancy, and he gained prizes in all departments. From thence he took the degree of B.A. and B.Sc. at the University of London with honours. In 1887 he left Liverpool for St Bartholomew's Hospital and obtained his medical qualifications. In 1888 he took the F.R.C.S. and the M.B. and B S. degrees, London, with honours in all subjects and the Gold Medal for Obstetrics. He took the M.D. of London in 1892, and was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1897.

The year 1889 he spent in Berlin, and there, working under Virchow, Koch, and Krause, he added to his reputation as an able and indefatigable student a character for accurate observation and original thought in the field of research. While there he became imbued with the fascination and impressed with the importance of modern pathological research. He made many friends, and nowhere has his loss been more deeply mourned than in Berlin, nor by anyone more than by his old master,

Virchow, who, writing on December 23rd, paid the following tribute to the memory of his distinguished pupil:-"I am deeply distressed to hear of the sudden death of my faithful friend Kanthack, whom I so recently saw when I was in England. I now bid him a last farewell. May English medicine never lack such men."

In 1890 he returned from Berlin to St Bartholomew's, where he was appointed Obstetric Resident under the late Dr Matthews Duncan. While acting in this capacity Kanthack was nominated one of the Commissioners (the others were the late Dr Beaven Rake and Dr Buckmaster) appointed jointly by the Royal College of Physicians, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Executive Committee of the National Leprosy Fund to inquire into, and report on, the extent to which leprosy prevailed in India, its pathology and treatment, and to suggest measures for dealing with leprous subjects. The Report was in many respects of a negative character. Some of the conclusions embodied in it did not find favour with certain of the members of a special committee appointed to consider it, as they were directly opposed to many of the alarmist reports current in England at the time the National Leprosy Fund was started. The Commissioners' conclusions, however, were endorsed by the medical members of the Executive Committee, and were in accordance with the views held by the Indian Government.

On his return from India in 1891 Kanthack was elected John Lucas Walker Student at Cambridge, and joined St John's College. During his tenure of the studentship he devoted himself to research and published several papers. Leaving Cambridge after a year's work, he was appointed Demonstrator in Bacteriology at Liverpool, a post created for him. Here his knowledge of his subject, his unrivalled skill as a lecturer, and his great power of kindling enthusiasm in others soon made him widely known. In 1893 he received the offer of the post of Director of the pathological department in St Bartholomew's Hospital, and he held this appointment until his election to the Chair of Pathology at Cambridge. In the year 1896 he acted as deputy to the late Professor Roy, giving at the same time his lectures at St Bartholomew's and getting through an amount of work which would have taxed the strongest and most robust of men, while Kanthack was never really strong. While acting as Deputy Professor the University conferred on him the degree

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of M.A. On the death of Professor Roy, Kanthack succeeded him as Professor of Pathology at Cambridge on 6th November 1897, Cambridge thus following the example of the other two institutions, where he had pursued his professional studies, in securing him as teacher. Shortly afterwards he was elected to a Professorial Fellowship at King's College. It seemed as if, both for himself and his department at Cambridge, there was a great future. He had enthusiasm and knowledge combined with unflagging industry and perseverance to help him; but it was not to be, and in the full vigour of his powers, on the threshold as it were of the career which was hoped for and expected of him, he was taken away,

As a boy Kanthack was rather weakly. At school in Germany, where out-door sports do not form a prominent feature, his only recreation was swimming; in that he was skilled and in the German phrase "carried the flag." When he came to England he threw himself with zest into out-door games. At football he was much above the average, and nowhere was he more popular than in the football field, where he always played for his side and not to the gallery. When he gave up playing himself he still, however busy, contrived to see a good game, and he missed but few University contests, whether football, cricket, or athletic sports. There is no doubt that side of him attracted many of his younger pupils in the first instance. He was well read and had a wide knowledge of the literature of his own subject. His early education gave him a great command of languages not only in the sense of reading them and understanding them, but of thinking in them. And he not only possessed the knowledge himself, but he had the rarer gift of being able to impart it. An old pupil wrote shortly after his death:-"How hard it is to realise that this young and brilliant scientist is gone for ever, and to those who have seen and heard him and who had marked his zeal and constant devotion to duty, and who have heard his lucid expositions in conversation in the class-room and in the laboratory, the loss is both keen and personal. He was a master in the art of teaching bacteriology, and his disquisitions on pathology made the dead bones live. He was a draughtsman of the highest order, his illustrations on the blackboard being of surpassing excellence. So modest and unassuming was he that some of his older and more aggressive pupils may have imagined themselves his equal in knowledge;

but they soon found out that conceit is but a poor substitute for knowledge, and self-assurance nowhere beside the wisdom of the wise."

His travels abroad brought him into contact with many of the best workers on the Continent and India, and he had many friends in America. The following letter to Dr Donald MacAlister from Professor Baumgarten, Director of the Pathological Institute of the University of Tübingen, bears testimony to the regard felt for him on the Continent:

HOCHGEEHRTER HERR COLLEGE!

Tübingen d. 1 Januar, 1899.

Soeben erfahre ich, dass Herr Professor Dr A. Kanthack nach kurzem Kranksein aus dem Leben geschieden ist. Diese schmerzliche Nachricht hat mich tief erschüttert! Wenn ich auch nicht die Freude hatte, Herrn Professor Kanthack persönlich zu kennen, so stand ich doch seit mehrern Jahren in angenehmen brieflichen Verkehr mit ihm und er war mir ein treuer literarischer Bundesgenosse bei der Bearbeitung meines Jahresberichtes über Pathogene Mikroorganismen." Kanthack stand auch bei seinen deutschen Fachcollegen in grossem Ansehen und seine hohe wissenschaftliche Befähigung zeigte sich von Jahr zu Jahr in immer glanzenderem Lichte. Um so schmerzlicher und ergreifender ist der Verlust dieses jungen Lebens, das so plötzlich durch die unerbittliche Hand des Todes gebrochen wurde. Seien Sie überzeugt, hochgeehrter Herr College, dass ich an der tiefen Trauer, welche Ihre Fakultät und Universität angesichts des Verlusts eines so hoch begabten und hoffnungsvollen Collegen empfindet, mit ganzen Herzen Theil nehme, und gewähren Sie mir die Bitte, Ihre hochverchrliche Fakultät dieser meiner aufrichtigen Theilnahme zu versichern.

Mit dem Ausdruck grösster Hochachtung zeichne Ew. Hochwohlgeboren ganz ergebenster

Professor Dr P. Baumgarten.

Professor Kanthack married in 1895 Lucie Henstock, second daughter of the late Mr John Henstock, of Liverpool, who survives him.

THE DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND LL.D.

The late Duke of Northumberland, who died at Alnwick Castle on the 2nd of January last, never resided at Cambridge in the ordinary sense. He was admitted to the honorary degree of LL.D. at Cambridge July 4th 1842 (when Lord Lovaine) on the occasion of the Installation of Hugh, third Duke of Northumberland, as Chancellor of the University, and he then joined