Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level

adaptive radiation Alismatales Amer anatomy ancestors angio angiosperms animals Annonaceae apex associated basis belonging botanists bracts bundles calyx carpels ceae cells Chapter characteristics characters climate complex Compositae condition corolla cotyledons Cronquist cyme deciduous derived developmental dicotyledons differentiation Dilleniaceae dispersal ecological embryo endosperm evidence evolution evolutionary lines evolutionary trends evolved examples exist families favorable floral flowers forests fossil fruits function gene genera genetic genus Gramineae groups growth gynoecium habitats herbaceous hypothesis inflores inflorescence insect integument intercalary meristems kind leaf leaves Leguminosae Magnoliaceae Magnoliales ment meristem mesic modern monocotyledons morphology mutations occur origin ovary ovules pattern perianth petals phylogenetic phylogeny placentation plants pollen grains pollination populations primitive probably Ranunculaceae reduction regions relatively reproductive respect seed seedling selective pressures semiarid sepals shrubs similar specialized species sperms stage stamens Stebbins stigma structure Takhtajan tion tive tribe tropical vascular vectors Winteraceae woody xeric