causa necessarium credidi rem integram ad te referre. Nam 3 sicut mandatis tuis cautum est ne restituam ab alio aut a me relegatos, ita de iis quos alius et relegaverit et restituerit nihil conprehensum est. Ideo tu, domine, consulendus fuisti quid observare me velles, tam Hercule de his quam de illis qui in perpetuum relegati nec restituti in provincia deprehenduntur. Nam haec quoque species incidit in cognitionem meam. Est 4 enim adductus ad me in perpetuum relegatus a Iulio Basso proconsule. Ego, quia sciebam acta Bassi rescissa datumque a senatu ius omnibus de quibus ille aliquid constituisset ex integro agendi, dumtaxat per biennium, interrogavi hunc quem relegaverat an adisset docuissetque proconsulem: negavit. Per 5 3 equos, Avant. ; quos, B and Ald. 9 dictumque, Avant. 5 tam Hercule de his quam de illis, Ald. tam Hercule quam de his, Avant. relegatio were adulterium, stuprum, calumnia, repetundae, vis, and falsum.' See also Dig. 48, 19, 28. restitutos. Cf. Cic. pro. Mil., 'quae fuisset iusta causa restituendi mei, nisi fuisset iniusta eiciendi.' Suet. Claud. 12, 'neminem exulum, nisi ex senatus auctoritate, réstituit.' § 3. ab alio, i.e. by one of the proconsuls. quid observare me velles. Cf. Ep. 46, 'quid me putes observare debere.' tam Hercule de his quam de illis. I have followed the reading of the Aldine edition; which, I have very little doubt, is here correct. The omission of 'de his' would be extremely harsh. Cf. Ep. vi 19, 6, 'Proinde si poenitet te Italicorum praediorum, hoc vendendi tempus tam Hercule quam in provinciis comparandi.' § 4. haec quoque species, a case of this kind. a Iulio Basso proconsule. C. Iulius Bassus was of noble birth; Ep. iv 9, 4, ex generis claritate' and of great industry, 'homo laboriosus.' He served as quaestor in Bithynia; iv 9, I, accusatus est sub Vespasiano a privatis duobus, ad senatum remissus diu pependit, tandem absolutus vindicatusque. Titum timuit, ut Domitiani amicus, a Domitiano relegatus est: revocatus a Nerva, sortitusque Bithyniam rediit reus.' He was therefore sent out to Bithynia as proconsul in 98 A.D. He was accused by the provincials of repetundae, and among other points, in which 'quamvis auditu 12 negavit, om. B. and Ald. add. Cat. gravioribus non absolutionem modo verum I quod effectum est ut te consulerem reddendum eum poenae suae an gravius aliquid et quid potissimum constituendum putares et in hunc et in eos, si qui forte in simili conditione invenirentur. Decretum Calvi et edictum, item decretum Bassi his litteris subieci. Quid in persona eorum statuendum sit, qui a P. Servilio Calvo proconsule in triennium relegati et mox eiusdem edicto restituti in provincia remanserunt, proxime tibi rescribam, cum 2 causas eius facti a Calvo requisiero. Qui a Iulio Basso in per § 1. What should be done in the matter of those who were banished for three years and then recalled by P. Servilius Calvus, I will inform you shortly, after inquiring from Calvus the reasons for his action. §2. The person who was banished for life by Iulius, and who, without using his right of appeal within the two years, still remained in the province, must be sent bound to my Praetorian prefects. A mere return to his punishment will not suffice for a case of contumacy. § 1. in persona eorum. Persona is not here 'a living person' or 'character,' as in Juv. 4, 15, cum dira et foedior omni crimine persona est'; still less is it used in the classical sense of a 'part sustained by any one.' It is rather used in the semi-legal sense of 'standing' or 'position.' Cf. Suet. Aug. 27, 'namque illis in multorum saepe personam per gratiam et preces exorabilibus, solus magnopere contendit, ne cui parceretur'; and Suet. Caes. 43, 'Lecticarum usum . . . nisi certis personis et aetatibus perque certos dies ademit.' § 2. agendi, i.e. ex integro. See Ep. 56. mitti ad praefectos praetorii mei. The praefectii praetorii were appointed by Augustus originally to command the troops stationed in the city in the year 5 B. C. Dio Cass. 55, 10, ‘ἐπάρχους τῶν δορυφόρων τό τε πρῶτον Κύιντόν τε Οστώριον Σκαπούλαν καὶ Πούπλιον Σαλούιον "Απρον ἀπέδειξε.” Till the time of Alexander Severus they were with few exceptions of equestrian rank. Suet. Tit. 6, 'praefecturam quoque praetori suscepit numquam ad id tempus nisi ab equite Romano administratam'; also Tac. Hist. iv 68. Unlike the other military appointments of the empire, this praefecture was, as a rule, a collegiate one, perhaps for the reason suggested by Maecenas in Dio Cass. 54, 24, τὸ τε γὰρ ἕνι ἀνδρὶ ἀυτὴν (i.ε. τὴν φρουρὰν) ἐπιτρέπεσθαι σφαλερόν OTI.' Thus, cf. Suet. Calig. 56, non sine conscientia. praefectorum praetorii'; Tac. Ann. xii 42, 'ni praetoriarum cohortium cura exsolverentur Lusius Geta et Rufius Crispinus'; Tac. Ann. xiv 51, 'quippe Caesar duos praetoriis cohortibus imposuerat'; Tac. Hist. i 46, 'praetoriis praefectos sibi ipse legere.' Hist. ii 92; iii 5; Henz. 6771. Occasionally, however, there was a single 'praefectus praetorio,' as Seius Strabo. Ann. i 7, whose son, Aelius Seianus, was first the colleague of his father, then ... petuum relegatus est, cum per biennium agendi facultatem habuerit, si existimabat se iniuria relegatum, neque id fecerit atque in provincia morari perseverarit, vinctus mitti ad praefectos praetorii mei debet. Neque enim sufficit eum poenae suae restitui, quam contumacia elusit. 2 existimat, Avant, and Ald. sole praefect; Tac. Ann, i 24; Macro, Dio Cass. 58, 9, also under Claudius; Tac. Ann. xii 42, 'distrahi cohortes ambitu duorum, et si ab uno regerentur intentiorem fore disciplinam'; Tac. Hist. i 14, Ducenius Geminus; Suet. Galb. 14; Cornelius Laco; Tac. Hist. iv 68, Arrecinus Cle mens. The collegiate tenure of the office was probably what kept it within due bounds, since after this restraining influence was removed the praefectus praetorio became a sort of grand vizier. During the first two centuries the office was chiefly a military one, nor did the judicial importance of the praefect begin until the reign of Hadrian. On the present occasion the person in question was sent to the praefects, not to be tried by them, but only to be kept in safe custody, till the emperor should himself take 5 quem, Avant and Ald. the matter into consideration. So the Apostle Paul was kept in Rome by the praetorian guard. Ep. ad Philip. i 13, * ὥστε τοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ γενέσθαι ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ. So in a rescript of Alexander, Cod. Iust. 4, 65, 4, 'Et Divi Pii et Antonini litteris certa forma est ut domini horreorum effractorum eiusmodi querellas deferentibus custodes exhibere necesse habeant nec ultra periculo subiecti sint. Quod vos quoque adito praeside provinciae impetrabitis. Qui si maiorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit, ad Domitium Ulpianum praefectum praetorio, reos remittere curabit.' contumacia. Cf. Dig. 42, I, 53, 'contumacia eorum qui ius dicenti non temperant, litis damno coercetur.' LVIII [LXVI] De Archippo philosopho C. PLINIUS TRAIANO IMPERATORI Cum citarem iudices, domine, conventum inchoaturus 1 Flavius Archippus vacationem petere coepit ut philosophus. 2 vocationem, Avant. § I. When I was summoning the jurymen, sire, in order to begin the assizes, Flavius Archippus sought exemption on the ground that he was a teacher of philosophy. § 2. It was, however, asserted by some that he ought not so much to be exempted as altogether removed from the album iudicum,' and sent back to the punishment from which he had escaped. § 3. A decree of Velius Paullus, the proconsul, was cited, by which Archippus was condemned to the mines. Nor did he produce any proof of restoration. He asserted, however, that this was implied by a petition which he had presented to Domitian, together with the complimentary reply of that emperor, vacationem, B. and Ald. and by a decree of the people of Prusa. He adduced besides a letter written to him by you, and a decree and a letter of your illustrious father, confirming the favours of Domitian. § 4. Accordingly, notwithstanding the nature of the accusation against him, I have taken no step until I could consult you. I append the documents relied on by the two parties. § 1. citarem iudices. Cf. Cic. Verr. ii 1, 7, 19, 'iudices citati in hunc reum consedistis.' conventum inchoaturus. The word conventus is used not only of the place where the assizes were held, as in Plin. h. n., passim; and Juv. viii 128, M 2 Fuerunt qui dicerent non liberandum eum iudicandi necessitate, sed omnino tollendum de iudicum numero reddendumque poe3 nae, quam fractis vinculis evasisset. Recitata est sententia Veli Paulli proconsulis, qua probabatur Archippus crimine falsi damnatus in metallum: ille nihil proferebat quo restitutum se doceret. Adlegabat tamen pro restitutione et libellum I non modo liberandum, Ald. 'Nec per conventus et cuncta per oppida,' Suet. Caes. 7; but also of the assizes themselves. Cf. Gaius, I, 20, 'ultimo die conventus'; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, 28, 'ex iis oppidis in quibus consistere praetores et conventum agere solent'; Cic. ad Att. v 21. Flavius Archippus. Cf. Ep. 81 and 82, where he makes a charge against the rhetorician Cocceianus Dio. vacationem petere ut philosophus. Dig. 50, 4, 18, 30, 'magistris qui civilium munerum vacationem habent, item grammaticis et oratoribus et medicis et philosophis, ne hospitem reciperent a principibus fuisse immunitatem indultam et divus Vespasianus et divus Hadrianus rescripserunt.' But cf. 50, 5, 8, 'Philosophis qui se frequentes atque utiles per eandem studiorum sectam contendentibus praebent, tutelas, item munera sordida corporalia remitti placuit, non ea quae sumptibus expediuntur. § 2. iudicandi necessitate. Cf. Dig. 50, 5, 13, 'qui autem non habet excusationem, etiam invitus iudicare cogitur.' omnino tollendum de iudicum numero. If, however, he had been restored, his civic position would have been as before. Cf. Dig. 50, 3, 3, 'Si in metallum datus in integrum restitutus sit perinde ac si nec damnatus fuisset ad munera vel honores vocatur.' The names of the iudices at Rome, and no doubt in the provincial conventus,' were enrolled in the album iudicum.' Cf. Cic. Phil. v 5; Suet. Tib. 51; Claud. 16, 'Splendidum virum Graeciaeque provinciae principem, verum Latini sermonis ignarum non modo albo iudicum erasit sed etiam in peregrinitatem redegit'; Domit. 8. fractis vinculis. Cf. Dig. 48, 19, 8, quoted on note to Ep. 31. § 3. Veli Paulli proconsulis. Velius Paullus was on the staff of Trajan in the Dacian wars. Cf. Mart. ix 32, 'Dum comes Arctois haereret Caesaris armis, Velius hanc Marti pro duce vovit avem.' Cf. also Mart. v 4 and vii 72. crimine falsi damnatus in metallum, see on Ep. 31, 2. The damnatio in metallum was the severest punishment next to death, and involved 'capitis deminutio maxima.' It was the 'lex Cornelia de falsis' which dealt with this crime. adlegabat. Cf. Plin. Panegyr. 70, 'hoc senatui adlegandum putasti,' and 'Volo ego, qui provinciam rexerit non tantum codicillos amicorum nec urbana coniuratione eblanditas preces sed decreta coloniarum, decreta civitatum adleget'; Suet. Aug. 47. pro restitutione, as an argument for his restoration. libellum, see on Ep. 47, 2. epistulas eius, i.e. to the proconsuls of Bithynia, Terentius Maximus and Appius Maximus. ad honorem suum pertinentes. Cf. the letter below, 'bonum virum et professioni suae etiam moribus respondentem.' decretum Prusensium, i.e. a decree of the decuriones. The nature of the decree may be inferred from Trajan's answer, Ep. 60, 'cum etiam statuarum ei honor totiens decretus sit.' As Mommsen points out, Rom. Gesch. v 266, the decreeing of statues and other honorary insignia was one of the chief employments of the local senates, and one of the chief ends of local ambition. Their number made them meaningless, and the statues were often paid for by the persons honoured with them. No town, however small, or ruinous, or deserted, could refrain from its honorary decrees, and its equestrian and other statues. Apart from the question whether Archippus had been restored to his civil rights, the very fact that a man convicted of forgery should have been the recipient of these decrees speaks volumes for their value. Wilm. 961 contains a decree of this sort (somewhat imperfect) of the decuriones of Aquileia in honour of C. Minicius Italus. Cf. also Wilm. 2374a, where 'ordo universus statuas numero quinque de publico a se Domitiano datum et epistulas eius ad honorem suum pertinentes et decretum Prusensium. Addebat his et tuas litteras scriptas sibi, addebat et patris tui edictum et epistulam, quibus confirmasset beneficia a Domitiano data. Itaque, quamvis 4 eidem talia crimina adplicarentur, nihil decernendum putavi, donec te consulerem de eo quod mihi constitutione tua dignum videbatur. Ea quae sunt utrimque recitata his litteris subieci. 3 sui, Avant. EPISTULA DOMITIANI AD TERENTIUM MAXIMUM. suam, emi iuberem, cuius re Flavius Archippus philosophus inpetravit a me ut agrum 5 ei ad c circa Prusiadem, patriam 2 ut agrum ei adderem circ. Prus. patr. suam tam uberem, Avant. Prusiam, Cat. quibus confirmasset; subj. because it is still the statement of Archippus which is being quoted. beneficia a Domitiano data; see below. § 4. crimina adplicarentur; a curious phrase, of which there is no other example. constitutione tua. Gaius. I, 5, 'constitutio principis est quod imperator decreto vel edicto vel epistula constituit: nec unquam dubitatum est quin id legis vicem obtineat, cum ipse imperator per legem imperium accipiat.' But, on the other hand, special or personal decisions were not regarded as precedents. Ulp. Dig. 1, 4, 1, 2, 'constitutiones personales ad exemplum non trahuntur: nam quae princeps alicui ob merita indulsit, vel si quam poenam inrogavit vel si cui sine exemplo subvenit, personam non egreditur.' The case of Archippus seems to belong rather to the latter class. Momms. Staatsrecht., ii 840 and 873. utrimque recitata. The 'sententia Veli Paulli' was of course included, though it has not been preserved. ut agrum ei DC (ad č, B) circ. Prus. patr. suam emi iuberem, B. and Ald. Prusiadem, Cellarius. EPISTULA DOMITIANI AD TERENTIUM Terentius Maximus seems to have been a procurator managing the emperor's domain lands in Bithynia. See on Ep. 27. tam § 5. ut agrum ei ad c... emi iuberem. This is the marginal reading of Iucundus in the Bodleian copy. Avantius has ut agrum ei adderem . uberem,' etc. Aldus, perhaps thinking the sum 100,000 sesterces too small, conjectured DC for ad c. But Pliny, we find (Ep. vi 3, 1), bought an 'agellus' for his old nurse for 100,000. I therefore restore the Bodleian reading. circa Prusiadem. This is the conjecture of Cellarius. Catanaeus reads 'Prusiam.' 'Prusiadem,' i.e. agrum or regionem, is no doubt right. Archippus was a native of Prusa, and wished to have a farm as near to the territory of Prusa as possible. In this case, however, 'patriam suam' is in loose apposition to 'Prusiadem'; otherwise we must read Prusam.' liberalitati meae. Cf. Tac. Hist. i 20, 'bis et vicies milies sestertium donationibus Nero effuderat : appellari singulos iussit, decima parte liberalitatis apud quemque eorum relicta'; Suet. Tib. 46, 'unam modo liberalitatem ex indulgentia vitrici prosecutus.' So Suetonius says of Augustus in regard to Horace, 'una et altera liberalitate locupletavit,' vit. Hor. Suet. Claud. 29, 'revocatas liberalitates eius,' and Galb. 15. |