sary that the one species should extend the entire length of the street, it should be used at least for several blocks, and on short streets with wide. vistas it is preferable that the same species should exist throughout. But while the association in alternate planting of two standard shade trees on a street is not deemed advisable and is seldom attempted, in the milder portions of this State, where there is such a large number of the choicest species from which to make selection, many of them highly ornamental either on account of flowers, bark or autumn foliage, two species can be planted together and alternated with the greatest success. This has been done on a small portion of Taylor Street in Columbia, S. C., and the results are in every way artistic and satisfactory. There should be a strong contrast between the species either in size, color of foliage or form and habit. Preferably one should be a standard shade tree and the alternating species selected for some special quality, ornamental foliage or flowers.

Several combinations are suggested below in which there is contrast in the color of the foliage of the two species and difference in their habit and size.

COMBINATION OF AN ORNAMENTAL SPECIES WITH A STANDARD SHADE TREE.

A small evergreen can be used as one of the species in place of the ornamental tree. This makes a combination desirable in those cities and towns which cater to winter tourists. Except the laurel oak and live oak there are no large evergreen or semi-evergreen street shade trees. There are, however, several smaller evergreen trees too diminutive to be serviceable alone during the summer season, but which could appropriately be used in connection with a larger deciduous tree. In spite of their

small size, the presence of these evergreens gives vivacity and color to what would otherwise be a gray-toned winter vista.

COMBINATION OF A SMALL EVERGREEN SPECIES WITH A STANDARD SHADE TREE.

Trees which are eccentric either in form, as the weeping willow and weeping birch, or in color, as the purple beech, should not be extensively used for street planting. These trees have a place of their own, as on the lawn and park, but they are usually out of place on the streets of a town. Flowering species or those with bright colored autumnal foliage are not open to objection since their prevailing color is green and the season of their bright color is of short duration. Even rigid and formal shapes, which have ceased to be regarded as oddities on account of their common use, as the bolle and lombardy poplars, umbrella tree and bunge catalpa, should be used with discreet moderation. But even such extreme shapes can at times be employed to great advantage. The lombardy or bolle poplars, used before a long row of flat-roofed buildings, as a factory front, are in good taste (Pl. X).

Lastly, it might be advisable for towns to select and use one standard shade tree, which can be secured cheaply and which experience has shown to be healthy and well adapted to the local conditions, to such an extent that it will be characteristic of the town and associated with it, as are the willow oaks of Charlotte, the elms of Winston, the laurel oaks of Wilmington and live oaks of Southport. It is not meant by this, however, that they should be used exclusively, for a sufficient number of species should always be employed to give some variety to the planting.

TREE PLANTING ALONG ROADS.

It is not advisable to plant heavy foliaged trees near roads unless the roads are either macadam or are sandy. In either of these cases the

trees are a considerable protection to the road, maintaining the moisture in them which hardens either sandy or crushed stone roads, both by shading the roads from the sun and by preventing their drying by winds.

Trees should be selected for roadside planting which will interefere in the least possible way with the cultivation or productiveness of adjoining fields, and also which will yield either some valuable wood, nut or fruit.

For the middle and eastern parts of this State there is no tree superior to the pecan for such planting. Its root system is rather deep, which is an advantage in cultivating adjoining fields. When the pecan is grafted on hickory stock, as can be readily done, it should be on either the white hickory or the shagbark, since these species on account of their very deeply seated tap root and lateral roots, injure adjacent tillable land very slightly. The most important varieties of pecan are the Stuart, Bolton, Van Dewan, and Frocher. These varieties can only be propagated by grafting or by buying grafted stock which can be secured from reliable. southern nurserymen. Seedling pecans are readily raised, but even when grown from the largest and finest nuts, will often yield only those of indifferent quality. Pecans for roadside planting should be spaced not less than 40 feet.

For planting in the western portion of this State the native chestnut is unequalled. While its nut is smaller than the Japanese nut, it is far superior to it in flavor, and is the equal of the Italian or Spanish nut, which is somewhat larger than the nut of the native tree. Those who desire can readily graft the Japanese stock on roots of the native species, and if it is desired to grow the Japanese nut, this would be advisable for roadside planting, since on its own roots the Japanese chestnut makes a much smaller tree than when grafted on our native species. On account of its size, however, health and the abundance of its nuts, the native species is to be recommended. It should be spaced 50 feet.

There are three native hickories which would make desirable roadside trees. These are the shagbark, Carolina shagbark and the scaly bark or red heart. Not only is the quality of their nuts excellent, but their timber is of superior quality and they attain a large size.

Cherry trees have been extensively planted on the streets of Jefferson, where they seem to have proved very satisfactory, and while such a fruit tree cannot well be recommended for towns, it would make a very desirable roadside tree in localities west of Greensboro, where the cherry thrives. Most of the standard cherry trees attain a large size and remain in healthy condition for a great many years. They should be spaced not less than 40 feet.

WALNUTS (Juglans).—In addition to the native black walnut, which is a very desirable roadside tree, there are several foreign walnuts which yield nuts of a better quality.

BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra) can be planted along the roads in any portion of the State. It is advisable to plant the trees in the places where they are to remain, since it does not bear removing at all well on account of its deeply seated tap root. Very large and thin-shelled nuts should be selected, as the nut of the black walnut is capable of considerable improvement. Walnut trees should be spaced 45 feet.

ENGLISH WALNUT is not hardy further west than Salisbury. In the eastern part of this State, it makes a medium sized tree and should be very generally planted, even if only seedlings are raised. These latter are inferior in the quality of their nuts to grafted stock secured from nursery

men.

Two hardy Japanese walnuts are being offered by southern nurserymen which are superior in the quality of their nuts to our native species, although much inferior to the English walnut. One of these is the Juglans cordiformis, whose nut bears much resemblance to the butternut. It is thin shelled and the kernel can be removed entire. It makes a large tree, forming a tap root and is hardy in the eastern two-thirds of this State. The other, Juglans sieboldiana, which is a native of the mountains of Japan, and which will probably be hardy in the mountains of this State, is a smaller tree with a root system of many deep-seated roots and fibrous rootlets. The nuts, which are borne at an early age in large clusters, are of superior quality, about the size of those of the black walnut but with much thinner shells. The nuts of both species can be secured at reasonable prices. For trees suitable for very dry or wet places see p. 72.

ARBOR DAY.

It is not inappropriate to refer to the observance of Arbor Day by schools and its true field of usefulness in this State.

While the same sentiment which is attached to the observance of Arbor Day in the scantily forested western states cannot be applied in a well. wooded State like North Carolina, yet the observance here of such a day has its significance. Arbor Day in North Carolina could be set aside for the school children to learn of the great natural gift which we have in the forests, and the relation of the forest to the well-being and wealth of our people.

The right way to plant a tree, the treatment of the roots and crown, the manner of pressing the earth firmly about the roots, and how to prune the

branches will make good manual exercises for the school children, but it would also be well for everyone to be able to perform them.

The life of the tree is closely associated with the smallest roots which absorb moisture and the need for preserving these when transplanting should be emphasized. The moisture the tree must have, its use of manure (leaf-mould and humus), how it grows and bears its fruit are elementary to the fundamental truths of the relation of the forest to the happiness and progress of our people.

Next to the very soil itself, which in North Carolina was originally nearly all forest covered, the forest has been the chief source of livelihood for our people. If it at one time temporarily barred the progress of the farm, it yielded at the same time a revenue in furnishing both warmth and shelter. When the farming land became worn and thin or gullied, the thickets of pine again covered the soil, restoring its fertility and making it productive. The relation of the forest to the farm is paramount. It is so intimate as to be almost inseparable. On the farm the uses of wood are manifold, for fuel, fencing, building tools and barrels and crates for shipping.

Within itself, moreover, the forest sustains a vast industry, employing more than 20,000 of our men in handling and sawing and reconverting its lumber and other products.

But even this is not the limit of the direct usefulness of the forest. The value of the many rivers of North Carolina for manufacturing depends largely upon the uniformity of their flow, upon the absence of great floods, and the shortness of the period of low water, and upon how small a quantity of sand and earth is washed from the soil of our hills and mountains. Great unevenness in the flow of the streams makes it difficult to use the power. Large amounts of earth in the water fill up the ponds and reservoirs and prevent the water being stored. The forest is very important in adding to the usefulness of the rivers. The more forest there is on the streams and the thicker the sponge of leaves and litter on the ground beneath the trees the more uniform is the stream flow and the freer the water from sand and earth. And this is true not only of the big rivers but the small streams as well. The bottoms along many of them, at one time cultivated in corn, are now covered with sand bars or have been washed into deep gullies by the floods as the influence of the forest has been lessened by burning and destroying its humus in addition to clearing the land.

It is from these thoughts that the real lesson of Arbor Day can be drawn. The forest is one of our greatest and most valuable natural gifts and one which, when destroyed, lessens our prosperity, reduces our sources