French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics

agrarian agricultural revolution Ancien Régime ancient arable Arch assarters Béarn Beauce Brittany Burgundy Carolingian Cartulaire clearance collective grazing collective obligations communal grazing Comté corn corvées countryside courts crop rotation cultivation custom d'histoire demesne economic eighteenth century enclosed enclosure estates example fact farming favour fields followed forest France Franche Comté Frankish French Germanic Guérard harvest herd historian Historique Hubert-Folie inhabitants labour laboureurs land landlords Languedoc less lord lord's Lorraine manse manual workers Marc Bloch meadows medieval ment métayage Middle Ages Montbéliard Normandy official open-fields origin parcels Paris Parlement peasants period plots Poitou population practice produce proprietors Provence provinces quartiers recognised regime regions rents Roman rule rural seigneurial serfdom serfs settlement sixteenth century slaves social soil sometimes stubble tallage tenants tenures thirteenth century tion tithes twelfth century village villein wheeled plough whole