listed men for twenty years or upward." It also enacts that hereafter all enlistments in the Army shall be for the term of three years, and no soldier shall be again enlisted in the Army whose service during his last preceding term of enlistment has not been honest and faithful; and in time of peace no person (except an Indian) who is not a citizen of the United States, or who has not made legal declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, or who can not speak, read, and write the English language, or who is over thirty years of age, shall be enlisted for the first enlistment in the Army: Provided, That any soldier discharged since January 27, 1893, who has been prevented from re-enlisting by the operations of the Act of Congress approved February 27, 1893, and who may enlist after November 1, 1894, shall be considered to have re-enlisted and shall be entitled to receive while serving subsequent to such enlistment the same pay, service pay, and allowances as if he had re-enlisted within thirty days from his latest discharge. It further provides that the period within which soldiers may reenlist with the benefits conferred by sections 1,282 and 1.284 of the Revised Statutes, is extended to three months; and hereafter every enlisted man in the Army, excepting general service clerks and general service messengers, shall be entitled to all the benefits conferred by sections 1.281 and 1,282 of the Revised Statutes: Provided, That to entitle them to the additional pay authorized by section 1,281, for men serving in the third, fourth and fifth years, the service must have been continuous within the meaning of this section.

LOAN OF VESSELS TO STATES.

The act of August 3, 1894, authorizes and empowers the Secretary of the Navy to loan temporarily to any State, upon the written application of the Governor thereof, a vessel of the Navy, to be selected from such vessels as are not suitable or required for general service, together with such of her apparel, charts, books and instruments of navigation as he may deem proper; said vessel to be used only by the regularly organized naval militia of the State for the purposes of drill and instruction: Provided, That when the organization of the naval militia of such State shall be abandoned, or when the interests of the naval service shall so require, such vessel and equipments, together with her apparel, charts, books and instruments of navigation, shall be immediately restored to the Secretary of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy is authorized to detail from the enlisted force of the Navy a sufficient number of men, not exceeding six for any vessel, as ship-keepers, preference to be given who have served twenty years or more in the Navy. NATURALIZATION OF ALIENS SERVING FIVE CONSECUTIVE YEARS IN THE NAVY, OR ONE ENLISTMENT IN THE MARINE CORPS.

to those men

The Naval Appropriation act of July 26, 1894, provides that any alien of the

age of twenty-one years and upward who has enlisted or may enlist in the United States Navy or Marine Corps, and has served or may hereafter serve five consecutive years in the United States Navy or one enlistment in the United States Marine Corps, and has been or may hereafter be honorably discharged, shall be admitted to become a citi. en of the United States upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become such; and the court admitting such alien shall, in addition to proof of good moral character, be satisfied by competent proof of such person's service in and honorable discharge from the United States Navy or Marine Corps.

INCREASE OF THE NAVY.

The Naval Appropriation act appropriated $4,000,000 for the armament and armor of vessels previously authorized in 1886, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1893 to be built; $5.955,025 on account of the hulls and outfits of vessels and steam machinery of vessels heretofore authorized; and authorized the Secretary of the Navy to use the $450,000 appropriated March 2, 1889, for the construction of one additional cruiser of the Vesuvius type, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the construction, armament, and equipment of three torpedo boats, to cost, all together, not more than the said sum of $450,000, Authority was also given to transform the Vesuvius into a torpedo oruiser if, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy, such transformation will add to "the efficiency of this vessel for naval purposes.' THE BEHRING SEA ARBITRATION AWARD.

The act of April 6, 1894, giving effect to the award rendered by the Tribunal of Arbitration at Paris under the treaty between the United States and Great Britain of February 29, 1892 (for which award see the Almanac for 1894, pp. 198200), enacted: That no citizen of the United States, or person owing the duty of obedience to the laws or the treaties of the United States, nor any person belonging to or on board of a vessel of the United States, shall kill, capture, or pursue, at any time, or in any manner whatever, outside of territorial waters, any fur seal in the waters surrounding the Pribiloff Islands within a zone of sixty geographical miles (sixty to a degree of latitude) around said islands, inclusive of the territorial waters.

Sec. 2. That no citizen of the United States, or person above described in Section 1 of this act, nor any person belonging to or on board of a vessel of the United States, shall kill, capture, or pursue, in any manner whatever, during the season extending from the first day of May to the thirty-first day of July, both inclusive, in each year, any fur seal on the high seas outside of the zone mentioned in Section 1, and in that part of the Pacific Ocean, including Behring Sea, which is situated to the north of the 35th degree of north latitude and to the east of the 180th degree of longitude from Greenwich till it strikes the water boundary described in Article 1 of the treaty

of 1867 between the United States and Russia, and following that line up to Behring Straits.

Sec. 3. No citizen of the United States or person above described, in the first section of this act, shall, during the period and in the waters in which by Section 2 of this act the killing of fur seals is not prohibited, use or employ any vessel, nor shall any vessel of the United States be used or employed, in carrying on or taking part in fur seal fishing operations, other than a sailing vessel propelled by sails exclusively, and such cances or undecked boats, propelled by paddles, oars or sails as may belong to, and be used in connection with, such sailing vessel; nor shall any sailing vessel carry on or take part in such operations without a special license obtained from the Government for that purpose, and without carrying a distinctive flag prescribed by the Government for the same purpose.

Sec. 4. That every master of a vessel licensed under this act to engage in fur seal fishing operations shall accurately enter in his official log book the date and place of every operation, and also the number and sex of the seals captured each day; and on coming into port, and before landing cargo, the master shall verify, on oath, such official log book as containing a full and true statement of the number and character of his fur seal fishing operations, including the number and sex of seals captured; and for any false statement wilfully made by a person so licensed by the United States in this behalf he shall be subject to the penalties of perjury; and any seal skins found in excess of the statement in the official log book shall be forfeited to the United States.

Sec. 5. That no person or vessel engaging in fur seal fishing operations under this act shall use or employ in any such operations, any net, firearm, airgun or explosive: Provided however, That this prohibition shall not apply to the use of shotguns in such operations outside of Behring Sea during the season when the killing of fur seals is not there prohibited by this act.

Sec. 6. That the foregoing section of this act shall not apply to Indians dwelling on the coast of the United States, and taking fur seals in canoes or undecked boats propelled wholly by paddles, oars or sails, and not transported by or used in connection with other vessels, or manned by more than five persons, in the manner heretofore practised by the said Indians: Provided, however, That the exception made in this section shall not apply to Indians in the employment of other persons, or who shall kill, capture or pursue fur seals outside of territorial waters under contract to deliver the skins to other persons, nor to the waters of Behring Sea or of the passes between the Aleutian Islands.

Sec. 7. That the President shall have power to make regulations respecting the special license and the distinctive flag mentioned in this act and regulations otherwise suitable to secure the due execution of the provisions of this act, and

from time to time to add to, modify, amend or revoke such regulations, as in his judgment may seem expedient.

Sec. 8. That, except in the case of a master making a false statement under oath in violation of the provisions of the fourth section of this act, every person guilty of a violation of the provisions of this act, or of the regulations made thereunder, shall for each offence be fined not less than $200, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both; and all vessels, their tackle, apparel, furniture and cargo, at any time used or employed in violation of this act, or of the regulations made thereunder, shall be forfeited to the United States.

Sec. 9. That any violation of this act, or of the regulations made thereunder, may be prosecuted either in the district court of Alaska or in any district court of the United States in California, Oregon, or Washington.

Sec. 10. That if any unlicensed vessel of the United States shall be found within the waters to which this act applies, and at a time when the killing of fur seals is by this act there prohibited, having on board sealskins or bodies of seals, or apparatus or implements suitable for killing or taking seals; or if any licensed vessel shall be found in the waters to which this act applies, having on board apparatus or implements suitable for taking seals, but forbidden then and there to be used, it shall be presumed that the vessel in the one case and the apparatus or implements in the other was or were used in violation of this act until it is otherwise sufficiently proved.

Sec. 11. That it shall be the duty of the President to cause a sufficient naval force to cruise in the waters to which this act is applicable to enforce its provisions, and it shall be the duty of the commanding officer of any vessel belonging to the naval or revenue service of the United States, when so instructed by the President, to seize and arrest all vessels of the united States found by him to be engaged, used, or employed in the waters last aforesaid in violation of any of the prohibitions of this act, or of any regulations made thereunder, and to take the same, with all persons on board thereof, to the most convenient port in any district of the United States mentioned in this act, there to be dealt with according to law.

Sec. 12. That any vessel or citizen of the United States, or person described in the first section of this act, offending against the prohibitions of this act or the regulations thereunder, may be seized and detained by the naval or other duly commissioned officers of Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, but when so seized and detained they shall be delivered as soon as practicable, with any witnesses and proofs on board, to any naval or revenue officer or other authorities of the United States, whose courts alone shall have jurisdiction to try the offence and impose the penalties for the same: Provided, however, That British officers shall arrest and detain vessels and persons as in this section specified only after, by appropriate legislation,

Great Britain shall have authorized officers of the United States duly commissioned and instructed by the President to that end to arrest, detain and deliver to the authorities of Great Britain vessels and subjects of that Government offending against any statutes or regulations of Great Britain enacted or made to enforce the award of the treaty mentioned in the title of this act.

An act of April 24, 1894, corrected an error in the act of April 6 by substituting the word "inclusive" for the word "exclusive," used in the original act.-Editor.

An act of June 25, 1894, made the additional provision that the procedure and penalties provided by said act, in case of the violation of the provisions of said regulations, are hereby made applicable to and shall be enforced against any citizen of the United States, or person owing the duty of obedience to the laws or the treaties of the United States, or person belonging to or on board of a vessel of the United States who shall kill, capture or pursue, at any time or in any manner whatever, as well as to and against any vessel of the United States used or ployed in killing, capturing or pursuing, at any time or in any manner whatever, any fur seal or other marine fur-bearing animal, in violation of the provisions of any treaty or convention into which the United States may have entered or may hereafter enter with any other Power for the purpose of protecting fur seals or other marine fur-bearing animals, or in violation of any regulations which the President may make for the due execution of such treaty or convention.

em

THE ELEVENTH CENSUS. The Deficiency act of April 21, 1894, extended the time for completing the Eleventh Census from June 30, 1894, to March 4, 1895.

REPEAL OF ALL U. S. ELECTION LAWS.

The act of February 8, 1894, "An act to repeal all statutes relating to supervisors of elections and special deputy marshals, and for other purposes,' " provides that the following sections and parts of sections of the Revised Statutes of the United States be, and the same are hereby, repealed; that is to say of title "Elective Franchise,'

sections 2,002 and 2,005 to 2,020 inclusive, relating to the appointment, qualification, power, duties and compensation of supervisors of election; and also sections 2,021 to 2,031 inclusive, of the same title, relating to the appointment, qualification, power, duties and compensation of special deputies; and also of title "Crimes,' sections 5,506, 5,511, 5,512, 5,513, 5,514, 5,515, 5,520, 5,521, 5,522, 5,523, but the repeal of the sections herein before mentioned shall not operate so as to affect any prosecutions now pending, if any, for a violation of any of the provisions of said sections; and also part of section 643, as follows: "Or is commenced against any officer of the United States or other person on acCount of any act done under the provisions of title twenty-six, The Elective Franchise, or on account of any right,

title or authority claimed by any officer or other person under any of said provisions."

All other statutes and parts of statutes relating to supervisors of election and special deputy marshals, were repealed by this act, which went into effect immediately.

In the House, the vote on passage was: Yeas, 201 (Democrats 194, Populists 7); nays, 102 (all Republicans). In the Senate, the bill passed-Yeas, 39 (Democrats 36, Populists 3); nays, 28 (all Republicans).

ELECTRIC MEASURE.

The act of July 12, 1894, establishes the legal units of electrical measure in the United States as follows:

1. The unit of resistance shall be what is known as the international ohm, which is substantially equal to one thousand million units of resistance of the centimeter-gram-second system of electromagnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice fourteen and four thousand five hundred and twenty-one ten-thousandths grams in mass, of а constant cross-sectional area, and of the length of one hundred and six and three-tenths centimeters.

2. The unit of current shall be what is known as the international ampere, which is one-tenth of a unit of current of the centimeter-gram-second system of electro-magnetic units, and is the practical equivalent of the unvarying current, which, when passed through a solution of nitrate of silver in water in accordance with standard specifications, deposits silver at the rate of one thousand one hundred and eighteen millionths of a gram per second.

3. The unit of electro-motive force shall be what is known as the international volt, which is the electro-motive force that, steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one international ohm, will produce a current of an international ampere, and is practically equivalent to one thousand fourteen hundred and thirtyfourths of the electro-motive force between the poles or electrodes of the voltaic cell known as Clark's cell, at a temperature of fifteen degrees centigrade, and prepared in the manner described in the standard specifications.

4. The unit of quantity shall be what is known as the international coulomb, which is the quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one international ampere in one second.

5. The unit of capacity shall be what is known as the international farad, which is the capacity of a condenser charged to a potential of one international volt by one international coulcomb of electricity. 6. The unit of work shall be the Joule, which is equal to ten million units of work in the centimeter-gram-second-system, and which is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an international ampere in an international ohm.

7. The unit of power shall be the Watt, which is equal to ten million units of power in the centimeter-gram-second sys

tem, and which is practically equivalent to the work done at the rate of one Joule per second.

8. The unit of induction shall be the Henry, which is the induction in a circuit when the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one international volt while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampere per second.

It shall be the duty of the National Academy of Sciences to prescribe and publish, as soon as possible after the pas sage of this act, such specifications of details as shall be necessary for the practical application of the definitions of the ampere and volt herein before given, and such specifications shall be the standard specifications herein mentioned.

IMMIGRATION.

The Sundry Civil Appropriation act of August 18, 1894, provides that the head money from alien passengers on and after Oct. 1, 1894, collected under the act of August 3, 1882, was made one dollar instead of fifty cents.

INTERNAL REVENUE PROCESS.

It also enacts that hereafter no part of any money appropriated to pay any fees to the United States commissioners, marshals, or clerks shall be used for any warrant issued or arrest made, or other fees in prosecutions under the internal revenue laws, unless said fees have been taxed against and collected from the defendant. or unless the prosecution has been commenced upon a sworn complaint setting forth the facts constituting the offence and alleging them to be within the personal knowledge of the affiant or upon a sworn complaint by a United States district-attorney, collector or deputy collector of internal revenue or revenue agent, setting forth the facts upon information and belief and approved either before or after such arrest by a circuit or district judge or the attorney of the United States in the district where the offence is alleged to have been committed or the indictment is found: Provided, That it shall be the duty of the marshal, his deputy, or other officer, who may arrest a person charged with any crime or offence, to take the defendant before the nearest circuit court commissioner or the nearest judicial officer having jurisdiction, and the officer or magistrate issuing the warrant shall attach thereto a certified copy of the complaint, and upon the arrest of the accused, the return of the warrant, with a copy of the complaint attached, shall confer jurisdiction upon such officer as fully as if the complaint had originally been made before him, and no mileage shall be allowed any officer violating the provisions hereof.

The act of June 28, 1894, makes the first Monday of September in each year, Labor's holiday, a legal public holiday, the same as Christmas, the 1st of January, the 22d of February, the 30th of May, the 4th of July.

The act of August 1, 1894, directs the Commissioner of Labor to investigate and report upon the conditions attending the employment of women and children; their wages, earnings, sanitary surroundings, and cost of living; the effect of various

employments upon their health and longevity; what measures are taken to pro. tect their physical condition and to protect them from accidents; the rates of wages paid them in comparison with the rates paid men; and the effect, if any. their employment has had upon the wages and employment of men.

The act of August 13, 1894, enacts that hereafter any person or persons entering into a formal contract with the United States for the construction of any public building, or the prosecution and completion of any public work or for repairs upon any public building or public work, shall be required before commencing such work to execute the usual penal bond, with good and sufficient sureties, with the additional obligations that such contractor or contractors shall promptly make payments to all persons supplying him or them labor and materials in the prosecu tion of the work provided for in such contract; and any person or persons making application therefor, and furnishing affidavit to the department under the direction of which said work is being, or has been prosecuted, that labor or materials for the prosecution of such work has been supplied by him or them, and payment for which has not been made, shall be furnished with a certified copy of said contract and bond, upon which said person or persons supplying such labor and materials shall have a right of action, and shall be authorized to bring suit in the name of the United States for his or their use and benefit against said contractor and sureties, and to prosecute same to final judgment and execution.

The act of August 15, 1894, directs the Commissioner of Labor to investigate and report upon the effect of the use of machinery upon labor and the cost of production, the relative productive power of hand and machine labor, the cost of manual and machine power as they are used in productive industries, the effect upon wages of the use of machinery operated by women and children, and whether changes in the creative cost of products are due to a lack or to a surplus of labor, or to the introduction of power machinery.

Commissioner of the General Land Office, shall be, and are hereby, declared to be valid, notwithstanding any attempted sale or transfer thereof; and where such certificates have been or may hereafter be sold or transferred, such sale or transfer shall not be regarded as invalidating the right, but the same shall be good and valid in the hands of bona fide purchasers for value; all entries heretofore or hereafter made with such certificates by such purchasers shall be approved, and patent shall issue in the name of the assignees. RECLAMATION OF DESERT LANDS. It also provides that to aid the public land States in the reclamation of the desert lands therein, and the settlement, cultivation and sale thereof in small tracts to actual settlers, the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the President, be, and hereby is, authorized and empowered, upon proper application of the State to contract and agree, from time to time, with each of the States in which there may be situated desert lands as defined by the act entitled "An act to provide for the sale of desert land in certain States and Territories," approved March 3, 1877, and the act amendatory thereof, approved March 3, 1891, binding the United States to donate, grant and patent to the State free of cost for survey or price such desert lands, not exceeding 1,000,000 acres in each State, as the State may cause to be irrigated, reclaimed, occupied, and not less that 20 acres of each 160-acre tract cultivated by actual settlers, within ten years next after the passage of this act, as thoroughly as is required of citizens who may enter under the said desert land law.

Before the application of any State is allowed or any contract or agreement is executed, or any segregation of any of the land from the public domain is ordered by the Secretary of the Interior, the State shall file a map of the said land proposed to be irrigated which shall exhibit a plan showing the mode of the contemplated irrigation, and which plan. shall be suffcient to thoroughly irrigate and reclaim said land and prepare it to raise ordinary agricultural crops, and shall also show the source of the water to be used for irrigation and reclamation, and the Secretary of the Interior may make necessary regulations for the reservation of the lands applied for by the States to date from the date of the filing of the map and plan of irrigation, but such reservation shall be of no force whatever if such map and plan of irrigation shall not be approved. That any State contracting thier this section is hereby authorized to make all necessary contracts to cause the said lands to be reclaimed, and to induce their settlement and cultivation in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section; but the State shall not be authorized to lease any of said lands or to use or dispose of the same in any way whatever, except to secure their reclamation, cultivation and Fittlement.

As fast as any State may furnish satisfactory proof according to such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior, that any of said

lands are irrigated, reclaimed and occupied by actual settlers, patents shall be issued to the State or its assigns for said lands so reclaimed and settled: Provided, That said States shall not sell or dispose of more than 160 acres of said lands to any one person, and any surplus of money derived by any State from the sale of said lands in excess of the cost of their reclamation, shall be held as a trust fund for and be applied to the reclamation of other desert lands in such State.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

The act of December 12, 1893, extends to January 1, 1897, section 3 of the land grant forfeiture act of September 29, 1890. The act of January 11, 1894, provides that no register or receiver shall receive evidence in, hear or determine any cause pending in any district land office in which he is interested directly or indirectly, or has been of counsel, or where he is related to any of the parties in interest by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth degree, computing by the rules adopted by the common law.

The act of May 30, 1894, makes it lawful for the Commissioner of the General Land Office to cause patents to be issued, as evidence of title, for all valid locations made with land scrip issued pursuant to decrees of the Supreme Court of the United States, which valid locations were made prior to the approval of the aforesaid act in the same manner that patents are now issued under the provisions of section 3 of said act of January 28, 1879.

The act of July 26, 1894, provides that the time for making final proof and payment for all lands located under the homestead and desert land laws of the United States, proof and payment of which has not yet been made, be, and the same is hereby, extended for the period of one year from the time proof and payment would become due under existing laws.

That the time of making final payments on entries under the pre-emption act is hereby extended for one year from the date when the same becomes due in all cases where pre-emption entrymen are unable to make final payments from causes which they cannot control, evidence of such inability to be subject to the regulations of the Secretary of the Interior.

The act of August 4, 1894, validates affdavits made before United States Commissioners in all land entries, if no other objection exists. And another act, of same date, fixes a five years' limit instead of four, for completion of proof in all cases where declarations of intentions to enter desert lands have been filed, and the four years' limit within which final proof may be made had not expired prior to January 1, 1894.

The following act became law, by lapse of time, not having been acted upon by the President within ten days from August 8, 1894:

That section 2,401 of the Revised Statutes is hereby amended so as to read as follows: "When the settlers in any township not mineral or reserved by the Government, or persons and associations lawfully possessed of coal lands and otherwise qualified to make entry thereof, or when the owners or grantees of public