The Stone Skeleton: Structural Engineering of Masonry ArchitectureIn this book, Heyman provides a thorough and intuitive understanding of masonry structures such as arch bridges, Greek temples, and Gothic cathedrals. Although the approach is firmly scientific, the author does not use complex mathematics. He introduces the basis of masonry analysis in the first two chapters, after which he considers individual structures--including piers, pinnacles, towers, vaults and domes--in more detail. This lucid and informative text will be of particular interest to structural engineers, practicing architects and others involved in the renovation and care of old stone buildings. |
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Contents
| 73 | |
| 75 | |
| 83 | |
52 The pier | 86 |
| 88 | |
| 91 | |
55 The tas de charge | 106 |
Towers and Bells | 109 |
| 22 | |
| 23 | |
| 24 | |
| 25 | |
| 27 | |
| 28 | |
| 30 | |
| 31 | |
| 35 | |
| 39 | |
| 41 | |
| 46 | |
| 48 | |
| 51 | |
| 55 | |
| 62 | |
| 66 | |
| 71 | |
62 Collapses at Beauvais 1284 and 1573 | 111 |
63 The crossing tower | 118 |
64 The effects of bellringing | 121 |
65 Wind loads | 125 |
Spires | 127 |
71 The spire tip | 129 |
72 The spire as a conical shell | 131 |
73 The octagonal spire | 133 |
74 Leaning spires | 136 |
75 Timber spires | 137 |
Some Historical Notes | 139 |
82 Before Villard | 141 |
83 Villard2 | 143 |
85 The Renaissance | 150 |
Bibliography | 155 |
Index | 159 |
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Common terms and phrases
abutments actual aisles analysis arch of fig architect barrel vault Beauvais behaviour bell-frame bells braccia building calculated Campanile cathedral century Chapter church circular collapse compressive stress construction cracks cross-section crossing piers crown dimensions discussion effective equations equilibrium example extrados fact factor of safety fan vault Figure flyer flying buttress geometrical Gothic groins Hagia Sofia half dome Hemingbrough hinges hoop stress horizontal thrust King's College Chapel lead line of thrust load masonry masonry arch masonry structure masonry vault material medieval minimum thickness mortar nave octagonal perhaps pinnacle problem quadripartite vault ring rules safe theorem seen self-weight semicircular arch settlement sexpartite vault shell sketched in fig skins sliced span spire St Peter's stability stone strength stress resultants structural action surface theory thrust line timber roof tonnes tower Ungewitter vault of fig vault thrust vaulting conoids vertical Villard Viollet-le-Duc Vitruvius voussoir voussoir arch wall weight wind forces
Popular passages
Page 2 - The Gothic rules were so complicated that no one who had not served a long apprenticeship and spent years of practice could master them; whereas the rules of Vitruvius were so easy to grasp that even bishops could understand them, and princes could try their hand at design on their own".
Page 12 - ... unworked, and placed one on another to form a stable structure. Mortar may be used to fill interstices, but this mortar will have been weak initially, and may have decayed with time, and cannot be assumed to add strength to the construction. Stability of the whole is assured, in fact, by the compaction under gravity of the various elements; a general state of compressive stress exists, but only feeble tensions can be resisted.
Page 89 - ...that neither flying buttresses nor pinnacles were necessary. Many a French cathedral had none, and acquired them only when restored by Viollet-le-Duc". Yet there is some excuse for the doubts about the efficacy of pinnacles. It seems to the eye, and this is confirmed by calculation, that FIG.
Page 23 - ... margin of safety as the cathedral in its perfect state. Masonry is supposed to crack, and any actual cracks visible in a structure merely indicate that the building has at some time been subjected to imposed movements from the external environment. If there is no recent evidence of recent movement then the proper course of remedial action is to point cracks with mortar (to prevent ingress of water which may lead to more rapid internal deterioration), but otherwise to leave well alone. Indeed,...
Page 143 - ... startling modernity - they can be read instantly by a present-day architect. Elevations, on the other hand, seem to be hopelessly out of scale, giving, for example, exaggerated prominence to particular architectural features. They are like those contemporary sketches in which a hand holds a stylised magnifying glass to enlarge one section of the work. This is precisely Villard's aim, and the medieval architect would have had no difficulty with these elevations. Once the ground plan has been fixed,...
Page 2 - gentleman" architect, who needs a technical adviser for his structure, if this is at all complex. The evolutionary tree of the modern structural engineer has its roots in Gothic (and earlier); that of the modern architect in Renaissance. There was not this division in the thirteenth century (or in the sixth, when Justinian employed two outstanding Greeks, Anthemios and Isidorus, to design Hagia Sofia). The architect then knew, in the fullest technical sense, how to build, as well as how to give his...
Page 25 - On the other hand, once this risk period is safely past, and providing that there are no changes in the general condition of the soil, such as would be caused by alterations in the level of the water-table, then the tower may well be deemed to be safe structurally. 35. This ' generation rule' covers a very large number of collapses, both in England and abroad.
Page 23 - ... neighbours, is in reality a sign of danger. If an outline drawing of the cathedral were made to a scale of 1/100, it would be accommodated on a relatively modest size of paper. Suppose two such drawings were made, the first of the cathedral in its original perfect state, and the second showing the settlement of 100 mm of the nave pier. It is clear that the two drawings could then be superimposed almost exactly - the defect of 100 mm in the real structure would be represented by 1 mm on the drawing...
Page 24 - ... of water which may lead to more rapid internal deterioration), but otherwise to leave well alone. Indeed, in a figurative sense, if waterproof paper is available then a thorough repair of settlement damage may be effected by papering over the resulting cracks. Time-scale for settlement The 5-minute theorem for masonry may be stated for, say, a flying buttress. If the timber centering of the flying buttress is removed on completion of the stonework, and the work stands for 5 minutes, then it will...
Bibliographic information
| Title | The Stone Skeleton: Structural Engineering of Masonry Architecture |
| Author | Jacques Heyman |
| Edition | illustrated, reprint |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press, 1997 |
| ISBN | 0521629632, 9780521629638 |
| Length | 172 pages |
| Subjects | › › Technology & Engineering / Civil / General Technology & Engineering / Construction / General Technology & Engineering / Mechanical |
| Export Citation | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |