215, 216; the Pioneers of Rochdale the origin of
working men's associations, 218; the Leeds corn
mill, ib.; multiplication of institutions like the
Rochdale Pioneers, 223, 224; statistics of their
numbers and finances, 224; periodical social
gatherings, 225; slow growth of such societies in
the metropolis, ib.; their effect on tradesmen,
225, 226; associations in France before the coup
d'état, 226; co-operation of Cornish miners, ib.;
experiment of M. Leclaire, ib.; piano-makers'
(French) association, 227; and builders,' 228;
German co-operative movement, 228, 229; Chris-
tian socialists, 229; gilders' association, 230; the
co-operative movement conservative in its ten-
dency, ib.

Cross, discovery of Our Lord's, by the Empress He-
lena, 118; legends respecting the wood of the,
118, 119; four woods composing it, 119.

Elizabeth's (Queen) character combining those of
Henry VIII. and Ann Boleyn, 263; difficulties
surrounding her on her accession, 266; Cecil her
good genius; 267; Leicester her evil genius,
268, 269; her passion for him, 269; her wooers,
ib.; correspondence of De Quadra a picture of
her court, 270; impending marriage with Lei-
cester, 271; extraordinary scene between Eliza-
beth, Leicester, and De Quadra, 271, 272; her
intense rivalry with Mary, 272; nomination of
Mary as her successor signing her own death
warrant, 274. (See 'Mary.')

Emigration to the colonies, advantage of, 67.
Engineering (Civil), what it has accomplished in
100 years, 149. (See Bridges, Roads, Ships,
Tunnels, &c.)

F.

Ferrier's (Professor) denunciation of clairvoyance
and spirit-rapping, 97.

Flint implements in the valley of the Thames, 203.
Foublanque's 'Two Years in Japan,' 243.
Forbes's (Principal) Travels in the Alps,' its merits
and defects, 62.

France, cultivation compared with that of Great
Britain and Austria, 6; increase of our commer-
cial dealings with, 16; vast increase of its pros-
perity by the alteration of commercial policy, ib.
Froude's History, Reign of Elizabeth, its style, 263.

G.

Geographical Society (Royal), its invaluable la-
bours, 148.

Glacial geological period, 209.

theories, 39; regelation explained, 46;
liquefaction of ice by pressure, 60; summary of
the theories of glacialists, 62.
Glaciers, description and formation, 39; gradual
melting, 41; restored to the sea after two or
three centuries, ib; definition of a glacier, ib.;
primary and secondary glaciers, 42; inclination
to the horizon, ib.; crevasses and moraines, ib. ;
motion of a glacier, ib; agency in transporting
blocks of immense magnitude, 43; glacier tables,
ib.; the sliding theory, 44; interior temperature,
45; explanation of regelation, 46; its import-
ance in the theory of glaciers, 47; névé, ib.; rib-

boned, laminar, and veined structure, 48, 49;
the Mer de Glace, 49; dirt bands, 50; Tyndall's
and Forbes's theories on the bands, ib.; infiltra-
tion through the ice, 51; definitions of terms
employed in explaining theories of glaciers, 51,
52 Forbes's viscous theory, 58; dilatation
theory, 54, 55; two objections against the slid-
ing motion, 55; obscurity of the term viscous,'
56; breaking and reconstruction of continuity
by regelation, 57; the motion of a glacier analo
gous to that of a river, 58; pliability of glaciers,
ib; formation of crevasses accounted for, 59;
ripple theory, 61; objection to the term vis
cous' or 'plastic' theory, 63.
Glenroy, Parallel Roads of, 210.
Great Eastern, average speed of the, 155.
Guyot, first observer of the veined structure of
glaciers, 62.

H.

Hasselquist's investigations on the natural history
of Palestine, 22.

Herodotus' geography of the Nile, 143.
Home's Incidents in my Life,' 92; suspicious cir-
cumstances attending his testimony to the 'mani-
festations,' 102; his intellectual calibre inconsis-
tent with much brilliant invention, ib.

Hood (Thomas), a genuine Cockney, 171; his Song
of the Shirt,' 172, 178, 187; Lost Child,' 172;
connection with the London Magazine,' 173;
'Lycus the Centaur,' a poem, 174; Mrs. Hood,
175; anecdotes of Hood's humour, ib.; Whims
and Oddities,' 'Tylney Hall,' and 'Comic An-
nual,' 176; honourable character, 176, 177; elas-
tic spirit, 177; residence in Germany, ib.; edi-
torship of the New Monthly Magazine,' 178;
'Hood's Magazine,' ib.; pension of 1007. granted
too late, ib.; hatred of cant, 180; character, ib.;
antithesis of his life, 181; inexhaustible drollery,
182; humorous extracts, 183; wisdom of his wit,
ib.; character of his poetry, 184, 185; Haunt-
ed House,' 185; Tylney Hall,' 186; letters to
Dr. Elliot's children, 186, 187; the Lady's
Dream', 188; letter to Sir Robert Peel, his last,
189.

Houdin's marvellous conjuring before Louis
Philippe, 101.

Howitt's intemperate championship of spiritualism,
102; his Latinity, 103.

Hungary, enormous proportion of nobles to the
population, 2; description of the country, 5; of
the Steppes, 6; its astonishing crops, ib.; revo-
lution in commerce produced by steam naviga-
tion on the Danube, 8; timber and hemp, 9;
annual production of wines, 12; their prices
current in the British market, 13; immense
tracts for the production of beet sugar, 14; sug
gestion for increased trade with Great Britain,
17; doubtful advantage of Hungarian legislative
independence, 20. (See Austria.)

I.

Irving (Washington), Orcadian descent of, 78; pas-
sion for travel and maritime adventure, 79;
fondness for theatricals, 80; admitted to the
American bar, 81; attachment to Matilda Hoff-
man, 82; predilection for the Bohemian' mode
of existence, 84; refusal of official employment,
ib.; an adopted Englishman for seventeen years,
85; introduction to Sir Walter Scott, 36; unat-
tached and discursive character of his life, 87;
publication of the 'Sketch Book,' ib. ;
his origis
nality is of manner, not of matter, ib.; occupies

ib.

Robin, Breton legend respecting the, 119. Rochdale Pioneers, 218; their determination not to take or give credit, ib.; division of profits among purchasers, 219: part of the profits devoted to educational purposes, 221; Corn-mill Society, ib.; erection of a cotton-mill, 222; withdrawal of profits from the workpeople, ib. (See 'Co-operative Societies.')

Roman Church, Italian desire of change in the, 247; Italian pamphlets on its state, ib.; the Passaglianists, 248; imaginary picture of Rome after the abolition of the temporal power, 248, 249; vacancy of fifty sees, 250; difficulty in the appointment of bishops, 251; the Statuto, the festival of Italian nationality, ib.; despotic character of the Papal system, 252; whisper of 'death to the priests,' 253; deplorable state of the clergy in general, ib.; almost all of the lower classes, ib.; Passaglia's proposal for raising their character, 254; instances of superstition, ib.; monastic orders even lower than secular clergy, 255; Papal policy irreconcilably hostile to Italian liberty and unity, ib.; petition to the Pope to resign temporal power signed by 1000 priests, 256; associations of the liberal clergy, ib.; the temporal sovereignty regarded as the essence of the Papacy, 257; society 'for reclaiming the primitive Catholic rights of the Italian clergy and laity' ib.; unfitness of the missions from the Plymouth Brethren and the Free Kirk of Scotland, 258; unwise Protestant propagandism, ib.; unfitness of a naked Protestantism for Italy, 259; Anglo-Continental Society, ib.; objects of its operations in Italy, ib.; nature of the reforms needed in the Italian Church, 261; conversion of Father Felix, ib.; two styles of controversy with Roman Catholics, 261, 262; reform required in the English Church in Italy, 262.

Rome (ancient), different opinions on the population of, 139.

life a date-palm on early Roman mosaics, 111; in old French churches, ib; ideas represented by the pine or cedar, 112; Aryan names for the fir and oak, ib.; oak and cedar representatives of supernatural strength and power, ib.; oaks of Cadzow and Dartmoor, 113; the oak and mistletoe, ib.; the oak dedicated especially to Thor, 114; heathen ceremonies under great trees, ib.; trees of saints, 115; the great Shire-oak and Crouchoak, ib.; King Charles's oak, ib.; Celtic reverence for the ash, 116; the ash the sacred tree of Scandinavia, ib.; legends on the orchis, woodsorrel, and white thorn, 119, 120; the aspen and elder, 120, 121; flowers dedicated to the Virgin, 121; the lily, ib.; the rose of England, 123; the rowan or mountain ash, 125; the passion flower,

128.

་

Spirit-rapping, inquiry into the origin of the knocking language, 99; the old-fashioned ghost superseded by the Poltergeist, 100; specimen of the rappings of an illiterate 'spirit,' 106. Spiritualism, modern, 92; grotesque and ludicrous 'manifestations,' 94, 95; law of gravitation suspended in favour of tables only, 95; brandy and beer brinking spirits, 96; muscular immortality of the spirits, 98; suspicious circumstances attending the séances, 98, 99; incarnation of hands by the spirits out of the vital atmospheres of those present,' 100; American manifestations, 104; doggrel purporting to emanate from the Saviour, ib.; superior sensibility of the Yankee nervous system, ib.; ghosts of Bacon and 'Sweedenborg,' 104, 105; writing mediums, 107. Stanley's (Canon) Life of Bishop Stanley of Norwich,' 278; frank and loveable character of Bishop Stanley, 292; his real unfitness for the episcopate, 293; his notion of liberal sentiments in the Church, ib.; disavowal of belief in the apostolic succession, 294.

Story's Roba di Roma,' 129; statue of Cleopatra, ib.; blunders in language and history, 130. (See Rome,')

T.

Table-turning, 95; Mr. Faraday's explanation of, 108. (See Spirit rapping' and 'Spiritualism.') Tasca's (Count) services in the religious enlightenment of Italians, 260. Telegraph, electric, 170.

Thomson's (Dr.) 'The Land and the Book,' 24. Trieste the centre of Austrian maritime trade, 19. Tristram's contributions to the ornithology of the Holy Land, 39.

Tyndall's (Dr.) experiments, 60; services of glacial science, 83.

U.

138.

Rose, an ecclesiastical emblem, 123; a mystic flower in Germany and Scandinavia, ib.; the flower of martyrs, 124; an emblem of the Virgin, ib.

of England (white), Pliny's allusion to, 124.

S.

Sacred trees and flowers, 109; the palm, fig, and vine types of the mystical tree of life, 110; legend respecting the date-palm, 110, 111; the tree of

W.

White-thorn, superstition attached to the, 120. Wilson's (Bishop of Calcutta) Life by his Son-inlaw, 277; his character, 281; sketch of his life, 281, 282. Wines, analysis of Hungarian, 12; French wine manufactured without the juice of the grape, ib. Wordsworth's (Dr.) Tour in Italy,' 249.

Y.

Yggdrassil, the tree of the world, 116; the sacred ash of Northern Europe, 117.

NEW-YORK

and institutions, and subdivided, even physically, by the imperfection of their means of communication, never presented that strong and compact national unity which gives power to France, and which no other European nation possesses in the same degree. The task of conciliating and bringing into harmonious relations the component parts of the great but heterogeneous empire of Austria is now taxing all the skill of the ablest of its statesmen. One great portion, indeed, still obstinately refuses to coalesce with the others. The isolation of Hungary continues a source of embarrassment and danger, and the efforts even of the best-intentioned monarch to attach Venice by affection will probably be made in vain. There is, however, one method of reconciling hostile and unmanageable populations which Austria has not hitherto sufficiently tried, namely to neutralise political discontent by the diffusion of material prosperity. One of the most effectual means of making subjects contented with their Governments is to make them rich. Solid advantages in the form of augmented wealth seldom fail to impress even the most imaginative people: but Austria can never avail herself of the boundless means which she possesses of adding to the happiness of her people until she has made a fundamental change in her commercial policy; and then, instead of being one of the poorest in proportion to her population and her great physical advantages of all the states of Europe, she may become one of the richest and most prosperous. To these means we would direct attention, in the hope that the better the people of England and of Austria understand each other's commercial interests, the sooner that great and lucrative interchange of commodities will spring up