prevention of tuberculosis, typhoid, and five other diseases, the prevention of which could be accomplished by purer air, water, and milk. In Lawrence, Mass., after the installation of a pure-water supply, the death rate from typhoid was reduced by 80 per cent. For every death thus saved from typhoid, two or three deaths are saved from other diseases.
Judging from the English statistics of illness, we must conclude that at all times in the United States about 3,000,000 persons are seriously ill, of whom about 500,000 are consumptives. Fully half of this illness is preventable.
If we appraise each life lost at only $1,700 and each year's average earnings for adults at only $700, the economic gain to be obtained from preventing preventable disease, measured in dollars, exceeds one and a half billions. This gain, or the lengthening and strengthening of life which it measures, can be secured through medical investigation and practice, school and factory hygiene, restriction of labor of women and children, the education of the public in both public and private hygiene, and through improving the efficiency of our municipal, state, and national health service. Our National Government has now several bureaus exercising health functions, which only need to be concentrated under one department to become coordinated parts of a greater health service worthy of the nation.
Agriculture, methods of (1650), II;
(1775), 31; (1790), 235; (1816),
343; of Indians, 28; in New
England, 29-32; in New York,
32; in New Jersey, 34; in Vir-
ginia, 35, 37, 221, 222; in North
Carolina, 41, 228; disorganized
by Revolution, 219; inefficient
(1792), 220; George Washington
on, 221, 223; in Maryland, 222;
in Georgia, 228; and the tariff,
313-316, 320; products of, 344,
480-484; English and American
compared, 464-467; progress in,
469; societies for, 469; of the
North, 476-479, 567-571; of the
South, 476-479, 567-571, 578-
582, 605-608, 620, 627-629; ex-
ports in, 598-601, 616; laborers in,
608; foreigners in, 609-613; dry
farming in, 624-627.
American characteristics, 268-271,
338-347, 542-545, 846-847.
American Federation of Labor, 799;
membership of, 801.
Balance of trade, theory, 128;
between England and the colo-
nies, 166; of the United States,
424-426, 600.
Bank, Land, 101; First United
States, 485-493; Second United
States, 493-499; trust companies
and, 707-709; postal savings, 683;
deposits in, 838; savings, 839;
school savings, 840.
Banking, and the Bubble Act in
Massachusetts (1741), 101; in
United States (1791), 487; state,
490-493; and panics, 501-503;
wildcat, 507; Suffolk system of,
508, 509; safety fund system of,
509, 510; free, 510-515, 700-
704; national, 700-711.
Bounties, on colonial products, 127,
Building and loan associations, 839,
840.
Canals, proposals for building, 386-
387; location of, 390-392, 407;
compared with railroads, 396–406;
rates on, 401-406.
Capital, invested in cotton industry,
278-279, 283, 287; woolen in-
dustry, 282, 295; manufacture of
machinery, 282; earnings of, 819.
Carrying-trade, of New England
(1761), 72-73; of New York, 75;
colonial, regulated by Navigation
Acts, 118-121; profitableness of,
during Napoleonic Wars, 207,
209 (table); frauds of neutral,
210; injured by British and
French decrees, 212; and the
tariff, 316–319; decline of, 318;
development of (1821-1860), 432
(table); (1860-1910), 651-652
(table).
Cattle, 13, 15, 31, 37, 39, 41, 223,
235-236, 359-360.
Character of people, in New York
(1759), 112; in Virginia, 113;
in United States (1816), 269-271;
(1817-1860), 338-342;
353-355; (1832), 367;
356; (1860), 542-545; (1902),
846-847.
Cities, growth of, 358, 362; (1790-
1880), 780-781; concentration of
population in (1880-1910), 781-
783; of immigrants in, 788.
Coin, scarcity of, in colonies, 104;
in West, 248.
Coinage, history of (1791-1840),
520-522; of silver (1873-1893),
711-714, 722-726.
Colonization, cost of, 1; of Plymouth
plantation, 3, 4, 9; in New Nether-
lands, 11; of West India Co.
13;
in Maryland, 14; in
Carolina, 15-17; in Georgia, 19;
Franklin on, 20; purposes of, 144.
Commerce, foreign, in colonies, 43-
52, 69-81; of United (1783-1812),
185-218; (1800-1860), 413-445;
(1860-1909), 644-655; more profit-
able than manufactures (1787),
200; legislation on, 418-421; of
New York, 433-445 (tables); of
Boston, 435, 436 (tables); of New
Orleans, 436-438. See Carrying-
trade, Exports, Imports, Trade.
Communism, of the Rappites, 537-
539; of the Owenites, 539-541;
of the Associations, 541-542.
Compensation, workman's, 805; fed-
eral, 806.
Conservation, of natural resources,
848-851; of life, 852-853.
Constitution, economic reasons for,
197-200.
Corn (Indian), method of cultivat-
ing, by Indians, 29; production
of, in colonies, 30, 32; in Virginia
(1787), 221; importance of, 347,
636-639; exportation of, 442-445
(table).
Cost of living (1698), 82; (1802),
271; (1817), 348; (1910), 810.
Cotton, growth of, 224, 566; kinds,
225; gin, invention of, 226;
effect of gin upon export of, 227,
599; manufactures of, 263, 283
(table), 285-293, 746-751; con-
sumption of, 296, 747; impor-
tance of, 637; manufactures of,
in the South, 750.
Currency, in colonies, 97-99, 146,
175-179, 484; depreciation of,
177, 490-493; movement of, 516–
519; emission of, 691-700; elas-
ticity provided for, 709-711;
kinds of, 727-728. See Banking,
Coinage, Money, Paper Money,
Silver.
Debt, federal, 424, 425, 487; state,
Drink, 834, 847. See Intemperance.
522, 523 (table).
Education, 273, 829, 843.
Embargo, 214, 419, 424; effect on
commerce of, 215, 216.
Erie Canal, route to the West, 361;
effects of, on internal improve-
ments, 390-392.
Expenditures, of the government,
687-689; of individuals, 828-838;
of a normal family, 829, 832; of a
self-supporting woman, 831; ex-
travagant, 834; for drink, 835;
for luxury, 836; for amusement,
837.
Exports, colonial, 51-52 (tables),
133 (table); from New Hamp-
shire, 43; from New York, 45,
75-77; from Pennsylvania, 46,
78; from Maryland, 47, 80;
from Virginia, 48, 80; from North
Carolina, 48; from South Caro-
lina, 49; from Southern colonies,
69, 132-133, 325; from New Eng-
land, 70, 71, 74; from Georgia,
81; regulated by Navigation
Acts, 126; from the United States
(1791-1816), 209 (table), 314, 325;
(1800-1860), 414 (table), 416,
417 (tables), 438 (table), 442-
445 (table), 477 (tables), 570-571;
(1860-1915), 598-601, 616. See
Trade, foreign.
Factories, description of, at Lowell,
289, 531, 537; at Waltham, 529-
531; at Lynn, 529-531; at Man-
chester, 535; number of (1849-
1909), 745; in the South, 751.
Farms, yield of, 484; size of, 602,
616 (table), 629 (table), 634;
number of, 614–617.
Fish, 6, 9, 34, 43.
Fishing, in New England, 58, 74;
advantages of American, 60.
Food, in colonies, 111; unwholesome
(1797), 272; prices of (1817),
348; (1910), 810, 830, 831;
better, demanded by workingmen,
828, 843; waste of, 837.
Frontier, population of, 356-357;
lines (1830-1860), 369-375; dis-
appearance of, 779.
Fruits, 15, 31, 33, 38, 599, 637.
Fur trade, 57.
Georgia, settlement of, 19; objec-
tions to prohibition of rum and
slaves in, 92.
Gold reserve, accumulation of, 696–
700.
Greenbacks, quantity and nature of,
691-693, 727-728; the issue of,
criticized, 693-695; fluctuation
in the value of, 696; redemption
of, 696-700. See Paper money.
Hogs, 13, 30, 40, 235, 237, 359-360.
Houses, colonial (1650), 12; pioneer
(1790), 235, 236; architecture of,
341; higher standards in, 828, 842;
acquired through building and
loan associations, 841.
Immigrants, opportunities for, in
the West, 234-235; number of,
in agriculture, 608-613; distri-
bution of, 786, 788; country of
origin of, 787; concentration in
cities of, 788.
Immigration, to colonies urged, 1−4,
6-22; effect of, on growth of popu-
lation, 107; extent and character
of, 439, (1820-1860), 550-558;
(1882-1910), 783-790; causes of,
784; legislation concerning, 789-
792.
Imports, colonial, 43-50, passim, 51-
52 (tables), 69, 132-133; into
Virginia, 69; into New York, 75,
423; affected by Navigation Acts,
128; from England into Southern
colonies, 132; into New England,
133 (table); into United States,
280, 413-414 (table), 421-426.
Income, distribution of national
(1850-1910), 822-827.
Independent Treasury, arguments
for, 503-507.
Indians, trade with, 1; agriculture
of, 28.
Industries, colonial (1721), 42–51;
extractive, 53-61; localization of,
boots and shoes, 277, 301-303;
cotton goods, 282; woolen goods,
282; machinery, 282; clothing,
305; collars, 305; rubber goods,
307; watches, 307-308; musical
instruments, 307.
Inheritance, New England laws on,
Intemperance, 271, 273, 834. See
Drink.
Interest, rates of, 820, 824-826.
Internal improvements, federal aid
for, 385-390; and the national
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