Association, the Rural Housing and Sanitation Association, the. Garden City Association, the National League for Physical Education and Improvement, the Tenant Co-Parnership Housing Council, and the British Institute of Social Service.

A feature of the meeting will be housing tours-first, to Letchworth for the cottage exposition and the first Garden City; next to the Sheffield Model Cottage Exposition and municipal houses; to Port Sunlight Village (Liverpool) where Mr. Lever will speak, and Bournville (Birmingham), where Mr. Cadbury will be the speaker.

New York's The tenth summer session

School of

Summer of the New York School Philanthropy. of Philanthropy began on June 17, and ended July 26, 1907. The total enrollment of those in regular attendance was forty-nine, of whom fortythree were women, six men, representing sixteen states. Of the forty-nine, two had received public school education, five had been educated under private tutors, twenty-nine were graduates of high schools, seminaries and normal schools, thirteen were school graduates, with two others who had not quite com

pleted college courses. Thirty-five of the class had already been engaged in social work as paid agents, eight were volunteers, while six were just beginning active social service. Sixteen of the class had worked in connection with charity organization societies or similar agencies, ten had worked in settlements, seven had been teachers, the remainder in various forms of social service. The average age of the class was thirty-one. The program consisted of lectures, class discussions and visits to institutions. Over twenty visits were made to typical institutions in and about New York city. The attendance of the class has been very regular and a high degree of interest manifested in the work of the school. An interesting feature has been the large number of visitors attending the various lectures. The lecture hall has been crowded every day. One of the visitors, a lady who was in regular attendance throughout the win

ter session, was particularly struck with the difference in the method which was pursued in the summer school from that followed in the longer term of the regular course. Next year's session will in some respects mark a new departure and perhaps accentuate this difference in that several lecturers have been secured who are to give term courses dealing with a single topic for two hours a week for a period of fifteen weeks. Among these courses will be one on the principles of relief by Edward T. Devine, a course on recent economic history with special reference to the labor problem in England and the United States, by Prof. Henry R. Seager, of Columbia University, a course on standard of living by Frank Tucker, and a course on social legislation and public administration by Prof. S. M. Lindsay, and others of which announcement will be made later. Several persons who expect to take the regular course next year, which begins on September 30 and continues for eight months, have been visitors or auditors in the summer session, just closed. The demand for more effective service and the extension of the activities of exist

ing societies in so many directions keep the authorities of the school busy in trying to supply the workers and assistants for whom application is made.

The following is a list of students: Alexander, C. Gertrude, Meadowbrook, Pa.; Armstrong, Alda, Baltimore, Md.; Arnold, Jessie Powell, Birmingham, Ala.; Barclay, Edith, Stamford, Conn.; Becker, George J., Amsterdam, N. Y.; Bussell, Anne Stuart, City; Caplan, Mary, Baltimore, Md.; Carroll, Mary M., Buffalo, N. Y.; Cox, Ada B., Canton, O.; Crosby, Frances S., Washington, D. C.; Darby, Elizabeth C., Elmira, N. Y.; Day, N. A. Jane, New Albany, Ind.; Dunbar, Mary E., Portland, Me.; Dunkley, May E., Kalamazoo, Mich.; Ebaugh, Mrs. A. M., Brooklyn; Field, Charles M., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Flowerton, Mrs. M. B., City; Gover, Miriam, Baltimore, Md.; Grasse, Gertrude, Brooklyn; Graves, Louise B., Boston, Mass.; Grish, Anita M., Hoboken, N. J.; Hettinger, Alice T., Freeport, Ill.; Hobart, Clare S., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Ingram, Frances, Louisville, Ky.; Ker, Roberta, Washington, D. C.; Knowlton, Agnes V., Lancaster, Pa.; Leupp, Constance D., Washington, Pa.; Leaf, Miss E. L., Philadelphia, Pa.; Lockwood, Gertrude Somerville, Mass.;

H.,

Lowell, Mollie Page, Portland, Me.; Mc

Crady, Jane R., Cambridge, Mass.; Magid,

Dr. Maurice O., City; Meeker, Miss E. D., City; Moffett, Harry C., Cincinnati, O.; Morton, Nellie G., Accokuk, Md.; Peck, Mary E., Washington, D. C.; Pinner, F. W., Newark, N. J.; Raoul, Rebecca B., Atlanta, Ga.; Sayer, Lydia E., Warwick, N. Y.; Stearns, Helen G., Cleveland, O.; Stein, Alma M., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Timko, Mrs. Helen G., New York; Tobey, Berkeley G., Brooklyn; Turner, Susan M., Lowell, Mass.; Turner, Vera, Colfax, Iowa; Turpin, Miss Mary L., Philadelphia, Pa.; Wallace, Roy Smith, Freeport, N. Y.; Warner, Elsie P., So. Nyack, N. Y.; Watson, Anna E., Denver, Colo.; Wickenden, Alice Moore, City.

A Social

With the expectation of reMission from maining in the United France States for two years or more, Miss L. Fiedler has been in this country on an official mission of the French government, in behalf of five of its ministers, to investigate social and industrial conditions. The following outline of the work she has been commis

sioned to perform guarantees that her time will be pretty fully occupied :

First-minister of the interior: To make a study of the methods employed in view of an organized social fight against tuberculosis.

Second-minister of marine: To study the campaign against tuberculosis amongst sea

men.

Third-minister of labor: Protection of the health of woman. Lists of unions (syndicats) and in particular of women's unions. Results obtained. Conference with directors of labor bureaus, and results obtained. To study the campaign for economy, cheap dwellings, public parks, baths; the campaign against losses by idleness; popular life insurance, and the instruction in social foresight.

Fourth-minister of commerce: To make an investigation into teaching from the professional, administrative and pedagogical points of view.

from the Geographical Society, the Society of Commercial Geography, the Society of Agriculturists of France, the Society of Forge Workers of France, the benefit unions of the textile industries, the sugar refineries of St. Louis at Marseilles and by Professor Landouzy, member of the Academy of Medicine of Paris. Miss Fiedler has previously carried out an official mission in Germany, where she remained twenty months and another in Denmark on the occasion of the International Tuberculosis Conference at Copenhagen. She intends to make complete reports, supported by photographs, documents, and statistics, on each of the subjects proposed by the ministers as many reports as subjects. These reports will be printed under the supervision of the ministers. Complete reports

will be made for each of the states visited and a report embracing the conclusions as a whole will end this formidable

undertaking.

A Zionist

At the next session of the Bank in New New York legislature a bill York City will be offered for the establishment of a bank in New York city to be operated under the auspices of the Zionists. The bank will be unique for the reason that it will be closed on Saturdays as well as on Jewish holidays and in its operation its managers propose not only to further their own particular propaganda but also to conduct a general steamship and brokerage office to be run on philanthropic lines in order to protect the poor and ignorant Jewish immigrant. A committee headed by Nathan Prensky of Brooklyn has procured subscriptions to the extent of $50,000 for the purpose and promises of a similar amount after the charter is obtained. If the project is successful it is proposed to open branches in other centers of immigration.

New York's Street Cleaning Department and the East Side

Charles S. Bernheimer Assistant Head Worker, University Settlement

Street cleaning is a perennial subject of discussion in an American city. In New York it is a serious problem and with the advent of the third incumbent of this office during the present term of Mayor McClellan, hope once more revives among the residents of the city.

I am particularly interested in the street cleaning problem as it affects the lower East Side. Granting that the residents of this section are in part responsible because they throw refuse and garbage in the streets, it is nevertheless true, on the other hand, that the police, as well as the street cleaning department, are derelict in carrying out the law by which offenders may be arrested for such action and subjected to a fine. However, entirely apart from this question, it would appear that not sufficient attention has been given to the importance of the municipality's keeping the lower East Side clean. To be continually blaming the people, without providing a remedy, will not solve the problem. It was said by a committee representing organizations of the lower East Side, in a letter to the mayor: "The remedy lies in your hands. A strict enforcement of the sanitary laws by the police departwill soon put an end to

ment

this abuse."

I propose to show that the distribution of employes of the department of street cleaning is not in proportion to the character and size of the population in the lower East Side. For this purpose I have taken two districts in this section to be compared with an up-town district.

Street cleaning district No. 2 is bounded on the north by Broome street, on the east by the East River, on the south by Chambers street and on the west by Broadway. The boundaries of district No. 4 are East Eleventh street on the north, East River on the east, Broome street on the south and Broadway on

II.

the west. The up-town district with which these are to be compared is No. The boundaries are: North-Harlem River; east-East River; southOne Hundred and Sixth street; westFifth avenue from One Hundred and Sixth to One Hundred and Tenth street and Lenox avenue from One Hundred and Tenth to One Hundred and Fortyeighth street.

District No. 4 is approximately threefourths as large as district No. II and No. 2 is about nineteen-thirty-seconds of the area of district No. II. Each of these districts has practically the same number of sweepers and No. 4 has a greater number of drivers than either of the others. The exact figures are as follows:

From a superficial point of view it would appear that considering merely their area, the lower East Side districts were treated better than the up-town districts. But mere area is not a sufficient index, even for street sweeping, entirely apart from garbage, ash and rubbish collection. The traffic, the size of the population, the narrowness of the streets are all elements that must enter into consideration. The fact that the people on the lower East Side walk in the streets as much as they do on the sidewalks must be considered here. This busy community, with its peddlers, its business so extensively conducted on the streets, its close-packed active population, uses the streets much more frequently in a given time, deposits therefore more debris on its surface, and consequently requires a comparatively larger force or more frequent sweeping by the same force.

It is more apparent that a greater population requires proportionately larger service for garbage, ash and rubbish collection. The tenth ward, in which district No. 2 is situated, has an average population of 1,511 persons to the block.

glish cities, and two reports are made public this week, one by Prof. Frank J. Goodnow, on the British municipality and another by Walter L. Fisher on the American municipality. Both men are well qualified for the task. Mr. Goodnow is Eaton professor of administrative law and municipal science at Columbia University and is author of Municipal Home Rule and City Government in the United States. Mr. Fisher served Chicago as special counsel to the local transportation committee of the City Council under Mayor Dunne. At present he is traction counsel to Mayor Busse. Prof. Goodnow's chapter gives a clear presentation of the organization of British municipal government. In American cites the demand for the ownership of all public utilities regardless of the efficiency of city government or the intelligence of the community has often grown so insistent that municipal ownership has been looked upon as a sort of a "cure-all" for every civic evil. "English cities have used it with great success, have they not," and then with true American self confidence, "Well, if English cities can cure themselves with municipal ownership, I guess we can."

Municipal ownership is a success in England not merely because it is municipal ownership. Prof. Goodnow's point is that social conditions in that country have made the circumstances particularly favorable for its success. Recognizing such conditions, he does not conclude that municipal ownership would be a failure if adopted in the United States. "It only means," he says, "that if such a policy is entered upon the conduct of our city government must submit to a considerable change before that policy can be successful.' But what are these conditions that make for such a vast difference between English and American cities?

To summarize some of them suggested by Prof. Goodnow. In the first place, British city government is aristocratic while American city government is essentially democratic. The writer takes the city of Liverpool as a typical instance. This city is divided into

Of

thirty-five wards, thirty-four of which are represented by one alderman and three councillors for each ward. The council consists, therefore, of 137 members, and of these 137 only twenty-five live in wards they represent, while 112 live outside the wards which have elected them as their representatives. these 112, fifty live outside the limits of the corporation. "These fifty suburbanites, if you may so call them, are all of the upper business and professional classes. Furthermore, forty-four other members of the council live in the six richest residential wards of the city. With the fifty suburbanites there are thus in all ninety-four members of the council who live in the better residential districts within or without the corporation." The degree to which the poorer class of the community are represented by members of the wealthier class, Prof. Goodnow makes only more apparent by comparing the working class wards with the richer residential wards.

This feeling of class is further emphasized in the conditions of suffrage. The English idea of suffrage in municipal affairs is that property rather than man should be represented, an idea that is difficult of understanding in our cities which look upon universal suffrage as a "bulwark of their organizations. Mere residence in an election district will not qualify, and mere residence outside the district will not disqualify. "The only thing that will qualify is the payment within the district of rates or taxes as we should call them, and such taxes are payable by one who, in the eyes of the law, occupies property therein, and not by the actual resident in the district who legally may not be an occupier of taxable property."

And graft is practically unknown! In this case it is not necessary to draw any comparison with American city government. What a smile would come to many of our city fathers if they were told about a British councillor who was discovered to have purchased land which would be benefited by the opening of a street. "A long minute was spread up