500 feet long by 500 feet wide; and wave absorbers along the inshore channel, basin, and wave trap, totaling 6,400 feet in length.

The plan of improvement for the small boat harbor would entail dredging of a main access channel approximately 1,200 feet long, with a minimum width of 80 feet, and from 8 to 12 feet deep. The tentative berthing area will accommodate about 300 boats.

Kaunakakai is on the south-central coast of the island of Molokai. At present the barge harbor is the only receiving port for bulk goods from Oahu. Interisland air service is provided daily by two airlines which transport perishable goods and other general commodities.

The existing barge harbor cannot accommodate deep-draft vessels; therefore, waterborne commerce must be transhipped by barge to and from Honolulu. This condition results in high transportation costs. Also, the absence of mooring and protective facilities for small craft at Kaunakakai has handicapped the growth of fishing and recreational boating and endangers the few craft of this type that moor in the existing harbor.

Modification of the existing harbor was authorized by the River and Harbor Act of 1962 and provides for a deep-draft harbor of approximately 62 acres, a separate light-draft harbor of approximately 10 acres, and necessary protective structures. Plans for the deep-draft harbor have been deferred because of the indefinite plans for construction of industrial facilities (pineapple cannery) upon which justification of construction of the harbor was based. A general design memo for the associated light-draft harbor was approved on August 19, 1965. The plan of improvement provides for a rubblemound breakwater 220 feet long, a revetted mole 1,150 feet long, and a main access channel 1,430 feet long which would extend to the northeast from the existing barge channel. The inner 580 feet of the channel would have a width of 100 feet and a depth of 10 feet. A 50foot long transition would connect the inner channel to an outer channel 120 feet wide, 15 feet deep, and 800 feet long. This outer channel would connect to a seaward 200-foot section which would flare from a 120-foot width to 180 feet. Preparation of plans and specifications has been deferred until the State is in a position to furnish the required local funds.

KAUNAKAKAI STREAM, MOLOKAI

(See p. 27 for project drawing.)

The flood plain of Kaunakakai Stream, prior to the construction of flood control works in 1950, covered practically all of the business area of the town and a large portion of the residential area, totaling 125 acres. In addition to business and residential damages, losses also included such items as disruption of communications, filling and caving in of cesspools, uprooting of trees, washing out of bridges, and spreading of mud and debris through the town. Damages ranged from $5,000 to $130,000 for each flood. Several floods of damaging proportions, which have occurred since the completion of the project, have been completely controlled. Floods occur principally during the 5-month period, November through March, as a result of severe rainfall intensities. Up to 13 inches of rain have been recorded within a 24-hour period in this community.

The existing Corps of Engineers project provided for an enlarged stream channel flanked by earth levees with rock facing on the streamside slope. The left bank levee extends for a distance of 3,520 feet from the bluff adjacent to the stream and north of the town of Kaunakakai to the Pacific Ocean. The right bank levee extends for a distance of 1,050 feet downstream from the opposite bluff past the Kaunakakai Homesteads. The project was completed in 1950.

KALAUPAPA BARGE LANDING, MOLOKAI

(See p. 28 for project drawing.)

Kalaupapa barge landing is on the northern coast of the island of Molokai. This northern coast is characterized by towering cliffs which make this side of the island inaccessible except by small boat during very good weather, and by light aircraft. The Kalaupapa barge landing is the only supply port for bulk goods to the Hansen's disease settlement which had a population of 245 on January 1, 1965. Interisland tugs and barges call at this small boat harbor three times a year, during May through September. Calm seas necessary for barge landing prevail during these months because the Makanalua Peninsula to the east of the existing harbor provides protection from prevailing winds from the northeast. Tugs and barges do not call during October to May because high waves generated by winds from the north and northwest would force these vessels to anchor offshore in deep water or return to Honolulu to await better weather and sea conditions.

Improvement of the barge landing was authorized under section 107 of the River and Harbor Act of 1960. Construction of the project was completed in September 1967, at a contract cost of $134,543. The existing breakwater was lengthened and is now 105 feet long. This structure is protected by an armor layer of 6.5- to 12-ton minimum stone and the small natural basin was dredged to a width of 110 feet at the seaward end, decreasing to a width of 70 feet at the shoreward end. The dredged basin is 360 feet long with a 13-foot depth extending 270 feet shoreward from the seaward end, a 10-foot wide transition from 13 to 8 feet, and an 8-foot depth for the remaining distance of 80 feet. An area 30 feet wide and 80 feet long on the north side of the basin was dredged to a depth of 10 feet.

KAHOMA STREAM, MAUI

(See p. 29 for survey map.)

The Kahoma Stream drainage basin which comprises an area of 5.6 square miles is on the western slopes of the West Maui Mountains. It is approximately 60 nautical miles southeast of Honolulu. Kahoma Stream and its main tributary, Kanaha Stream, originate at about 5,000 feet mean sea level. These streams are confined to narrow canyons until they reach the outwash plain near their confluence at about the 260-foot elevation. Below this confluence, Kahoma Stream flows in a westerly direction for a distance of 7,500 feet where it enters the Pacific Ocean. The average slope of the stream above the coastal area is approximately 700 feet per mile. The slope in the coastal area averages about 200 feet per mile.

A detailed project study, conducted under the authority of section 205 of the 1948 Flood Control Act, as amended, was completed in April 1967. The flood control plan proposed by this study consisted of realining 4,950 feet of the lower reach of the stream, and deepening and widening the next 480 feet of the stream. The proposed channel was concrete-lined and trapezoidal in shape with base widths varying from 30 to 50 feet. A minimum of two debris barriers was proposed for the upstream end of the improvement. The total cost of this plan was estimated at $2.4 million. The statutory Federal limitation of $1 million required that local interests provide a cash contribution of $1.4 million-$800,000 for Federal costs exceeding the $1 million limitation, and another $600,000 for acquisition of land easements and rights-of-way, and for the replacement of four bridges. This high cash contribution requirement led to the termination, at local interests' request, of further study under the small projects authority. The investigation for flood control will be completed under the outstanding survey study which was authorized by section 208 of the Flood Control Act of 1960. This study is partially funded this year, and is expected to be fully funded in fiscal year 1970. The study is scheduled to be completed in 1970.

LAHAINA HARBOR, MAUI

(See p. 30 for project drawing.)

Lahaina, with a population of about 3,500, is located on the west coast of Maui about 22 road miles from Wailuku, the Maui County seat. It is the third largest town on the island of Maui, next in size to Kahului and Wailuku, both located on the northern side of the island. As a historic whaling center and first capital of Hawaii, Lahaina is becoming increasingly important as a tourist attraction. The Lahaina judicial district, the tributary area of the proposed project, had a population of 4,844 in 1960. The Auau Channel between west Maui and the island of Lanai, often called Lahaina Roads, is relatively calm most of the year and affords one of Hawaii's best recreational boating areas. Consequently, Lahaina is a traditional stopping place for cruising craft running up and down the island chain. An 80,000 square foot harbor, located adjacent to the center of town is protected by a 1,000-foot breakwater seated on the coral reef fronting the town. This small craft harbor can accommodate about 30 boats, but is inadequate to meet the berthing needs of the growing boat population of the area.

The proposed plan of improvement provides for a new harbor with an interior basin of about 5.3 acres to be located immediately northwest of the existing facility. The harbor basin, designed to accommodate 160 small boats, would be protected by an offshore breakwater 950 feet long, with a revetted mole 620 feet long. The offshore breakwater would be a rubblemound structure. The entrance channel 515 feet long and 150 feet wide would be dredged to a depth of 20 feet in the seaward 230-foot reach and to a depth of 15 feet for the remaining distance. A wave absorber 180 feet long would be situated at the shoreward end of the channel to reduce reflected wave energy in the turning area.

The exact location of this harbor facility has not been determined. Local interests such as the Lahaina Historical Restoration Society, the State department of land and natural resources, American Factors, Ltd., Lahaina Business Men's Association, and the coordination agency (State harbor division, department of transportation) all strongly support the project but are not in agreement on location and shoreside parking areas. The department of land and natural resources engaged an architect-engineering firm to recommend a plan of improvement. This plan, known as the Warnecke plan, has not been submitted to the Corps. It is also known that the Lahaina Historical Restoration Society and American Factors have each engaged architect-engineers to do some planning in connection with this harbor. Securing agreement among local interests will be a coordination problem on this project. It is also expected that reanalysis of the boating needs in the tributary area will show an increased harbor capacity requirement resulting from rapid resort development.

The estimated total first cost of the project in 1968 dollars is $901,000 of which $474,000 would be borne by the Federal Government and $427,000 by local interests. The benefit-cost ratio is 1.3.

Funds for advance design have been made available this fiscal year.

MAALAEA LIGHT- AND DEEP-DRAFT HARBOR, MAUI

(See pp. 31 and 32 for project drawing and survey map.)

Maalaea Harbor lies on the southern coast of Maui at the western end of Maalaea Bay, about 83 nautical miles southeast of Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. The present State harbor was originally developed in 1952 by dredging an entrance channel and basin, and constructing the south breakwater with an access roadway and parking area on the inboard side. The east breakwater was completed in 1955. In 1959, the State deepened the channel, dredged an entirely new commercial basin, and constructed a paved wharf. The existing facility consists of a 100-foot-wide entrance channel 12 feet deep, a harbor basin 7.5 acres in area with depths of 8 and 12 feet, a 1,000-foot-long combination breakwater and mole structure on the south side, an 840-foot-long east breakwater, a 308-foot-long by 50-foot-wide paved wharf, berthing facilities for 60 boats, and a launching ramp. The harbor serves the cities of Wailuku and Kahului which have a total population of about 31,000. The tributary area is predominantly agricultural but tourism is a fast growing and important facet of business activity.

At present, navigation by light-draft vessels entering and leaving Maalaea Harbor is made hazardous by swell and wave action generated by southerly storms. Inside the harbor, surge conditions which are aggravated by the vertical bulkheads of the wharf cause damages to moored pleasure craft and commercial fishing vessels making it necessary to either move the boats to other harbors or to use crewmembers as line tenders.

The survey report "Coasts of the Hawaiian Islands, Harbors for Light-Draft Vessels" which was prepared in June 1967, under authority of section 110 of the River and Harbor Act of May 17, 1950, proposed a plan of improvement which would alleviate the present undesirable conditions and increase the berthing area to 16.6 acres with a capacity of about 260 craft. The recommended plan of improvement provides for an entrance channel 780 feet long, 150 feet wide and 15 feet deep; a 150-foot-long transition area with a change in depth from 15 to 12 feet, and a flaring of the width from 150 feet to about 250 feet at the entrance of the turning basin; a 6.9-acre turning basin; a main access channel 80 feet wide, 720 feet long, 8 feet deep; and a 650-foot extension to the south breakwater. The existing east breakwater would be removed from station 2+00 to its seaward terminus and the head of the remaining structure would be reinforced with a layer of armor stone. The existing south breakwater would be extended 650 feet in an easterly direction from its present terminus. The seaward revetment of 200 feet of the existing south breakwater structure from station 11+00 to station 13+00 would be modified from the existing 1 on 1 slope to 1 on 2 slope with 1-ton stone. Dredged coral material would be used to fill the existing entrance channel to a depth of 5 feet from the proposed breakwater extension to 100 feet seaward, and then at 1 on 15 minimum slope to the existing bottom.

Total first cost (1968) of construction for this project is estimated at $724,000 of which $249,000 is to be non-Federal. The benefit-cost ratio is 2.3.

The Honolulu district is also conducting a survey study for a deep-draft harbor for the Maalaea Bay area under the combined authorities of the River and Harbor Act of 1960 and House resolutions of 1960 and 1951 The study was initiated in December 1965, and a public hearing was held on February 24, 1966

KIHEI BEACH EROSION CONTROL, MAUI

(See p. 33 for project drawing.)

Kihei Beach is located on the west coast of East Maui, 9-road miles from Wailuku the principal town and county seat of the island of Maui. The shores in the Kihei area have been eroding at a number of locations for over 50 years. This erosion has been exceptional during "kona" storms and hurricanes such as occurred in 1951, 1955, 1959, and 1963. The erosion resulted in loss of substantial public beach area and private beach frontage. In some instances, houses and related structures have been undermined and the beach road has been threatened. A public hearing for this project was held on September 27, 1963. At that time, local interests pointed out that Kihei public beaches, especially at Kalama Park, are major recreational areas for Maui and that the loss of these shores is a general loss of recreational facilities to the island's population at large as well as a local community loss.

The Kihei Beach erosion control project was approved effective September 4, 1968, under section 103 of the 1962 River and Harbor Act, as amended, and funds for construction were made available October 11, 1968 The authorized project would protect the beach at Kalama Park by constructing a 25-foot wide berm the length of the park. This berm would be protected by a stone revetment approximately 3,000 feet long, armored with 1,000-pound stone placed on a 1 on 2 slope. The revetment should also encourage accretion of sand building the beach seaward from the berm. The completed project would insure the continued existence of a public beach facility while creating no hazard to adjacent private properties.

The estimated first cost of the project is $474,000, of which $237,000 would be borne by the Federal Government and $237,000 by the State of Hawaii and the county of Maui. Formal approval of the Kihei Beach project is particularly significant because the State and Federal Governments were joined by the county of Maui for responsibility of project funding. The county of Maui also provided the necessary local assurances of ownership, rights-of-way, maintenance, and

usage.

HANA SMALL BOAT HARBOR, MAUI

(See p. 34 for project drawing.)

The town of Hana is on the east coast of the island of Maui, approximately 59 road-miles from Wailuku, the county seat. This relatively isolated community had an estimated population of 1,100 in 1960. Beef raising on one large ranch and several smaller ones provides the economic base for the area. The coastline of east Maui is rugged and in many areas access by land is difficult or impossible. Hana Bay which has an entrance about three-quarters of a mile wide, faces due east and is exposed to prevailing trade winds and consequent frequent periods of high or relatively high waves.

This harbor project was authorized by the River and Harbor Act of 1965. The plan of improvement for this harbor was included in the "Interim Report on Survey of the Coasts of the Hawaiian Islands, Harbors for Light-Draft Vessels," which has been published as House Document 353-88-2. The plan of improvement provides for construction of a breakwater 1,230 feet long, the landward 250 feet of which would be a revetted mole. This breakwater would shelter a turning area and harbor basin of about 200,000 square feet. No initial dredging would be required because existing depths of the bay are adequate for small craft, and commercial tugs and barges which are expected to use the harbor.

This harbor has been authorized for construction but is currently unfunded. The estimated first cost of construction is $2,361,000, of which $2,127,000 is Federal and $234,000 is non-Federal.

KAHULUI HARBOR, MAUI

(See p. 35 for project drawing.)

Kahului Harbor is located on the north coast of the island of Maui, about 94 miles from Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. It is the only deep-draft harbor on Maui, an island of 730 square miles with a population of 40,000.

The existing project, completed in 1962, provides for rubble-mound breakwaters on the west and east sides of the harbor, 2,315 and 2,766 feet long; an entrace channel 600 feet wide between the breakwaters; and a harbor basin 35 feet deep, 2,050 feet wide, and 2,400 feet long. In 1966, the harbor underwent major rehabilitation in which a portion of the breakwaters were rebuilt using 35- and 50-ton tribars rather than the usual quarry stone as the principal structural members. The rehabilitated sections have had no significant damage. In December 1967, another section of the west breakwater was damaged by storm waves. The Honolulu engineer district completed a report on emergency repair of the breakwater and, in May 1968, the repair work was authorized by the Chief of Engineers. In September 1968, the district awarded a contract to E. T. Ige Construction, Inc., in the amount of $346,300 for the repair work consisting of the casting and placement of about 260 19-ton tribar units on the seaward slope of the west breakwater and repair of the damaged stone breakwater, beginning about 2.010 feet from the shore end and ending at about 2,155 feet. The uppermost tribars will be buttressed by a heavy row of concrete ribs connected by lateral beams. Field stones will be used to replace stone washed out of the breakwater core.

The periodic repair of the Kahului breakwaters is the result of the severe wave climate to which the harbor is exposed during winter months. Long-period waves caused by the arctic swell and storm waves, sometimes in excess of 30 feet high, both occur seasonally on northern coasts of the Hawaiian Islands. A study is presently being conducted to determine the feasibility of constructing a second deep-draft harbor on Maui at Maalaea. This study is scheduled for completion in mid-1970.