China in DisintegrationAfter the 1911 fall of the Manchus came the most hideous breakdown in Chinese history. Sheridan, a Northwestern University scholar, concentrates on the Kuomintang movement of Chiang Kai-shek, insisting that we judge a political force by whether it solves the problems posed to it, not, as Chiang's partisans prefer, by means of what-if's. Sheridan's focus on the KMT brings more to light than do many surveys of Mao's revolutionaries. The KMT failed either to create an effective dictatorship or to mobilize fascist passions which could ensure willingness to "sacrifice." Thus the difficulty in squeezing enough wealth out of the peasantry to meet a foreign debt which totaled half the national revenue. The KMT did ensure that forced opium production took up at least a fifth of Chinese cropland by the 1929-1933 period, and they consolidated a soldier recruitment system that approximated Nazi roundups. However, the book underlines Chiang's failure to give the masses a ""Strength through Joy"" spirit; and, as wartime inflation of 300% gave way to postwar collapse, the anti-Communist pitch became emptier and emptier. The Kuomintang turned into a mere holding operation and faded into chaos. Sheridan gives a strong sense of the rapine of the warlords who were Chiang's off-and-on allies, and of the feeble heritage of Sun Yat-sen's patriotic platitudes. He leaves out explicit investigation of the international context while underlining, more than most writers, Chiang's commitment to repay external debt at the expense of the Chinese people. A sound and striking approach to these decades of desperation in the lives of a quarter of the human population—if not bypassed in the glut of "China books," it may encourage students and academics to go further. —Kirkus Reviews |
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Page 3
... important step toward reintegration, and the Communist-led government established in 1949 created political institutions and launched economic programs designed to create a cohesive and powerful nation. In that fashion, over the course ...
... important step toward reintegration, and the Communist-led government established in 1949 created political institutions and launched economic programs designed to create a cohesive and powerful nation. In that fashion, over the course ...
Page 4
... importance, and complexity. An understanding of its history will cast light on both the traditional agrarian empire it succeeded and the new Communist state that followed. This book will attempt to analyze the history of the republican ...
... importance, and complexity. An understanding of its history will cast light on both the traditional agrarian empire it succeeded and the new Communist state that followed. This book will attempt to analyze the history of the republican ...
Page 6
... important for territorial integration. Welldeveloped networks of roads, railways, navigable waterways, and airlines, together with the necessary vehicles to travel them, all foster the growth of a national market, and population ...
... important for territorial integration. Welldeveloped networks of roads, railways, navigable waterways, and airlines, together with the necessary vehicles to travel them, all foster the growth of a national market, and population ...
Page 8
... important element of national integration. The meaning of nationalism—the scope of the nationalist state of mind—has changed as the number of people involved in and conscious of national affairs has expanded. When the nation-state first ...
... important element of national integration. The meaning of nationalism—the scope of the nationalist state of mind—has changed as the number of people involved in and conscious of national affairs has expanded. When the nation-state first ...
Page 14
... important forces of national integration were the monarchy, the state bureaucracy, a general uniformity of culture with the Confucian value system at its core, and, perhaps surprisingly, the local gentry. There is no reason to believe ...
... important forces of national integration were the monarchy, the state bureaucracy, a general uniformity of culture with the Confucian value system at its core, and, perhaps surprisingly, the local gentry. There is no reason to believe ...
Contents
27 | |
Chapter HI The Warlords | 57 |
Urban Intellectual Revolution | 107 |
Coalition and Conflict | 141 |
Warlordism in the Nanking Decade | 183 |
Integration in the Nanking Decade | 207 |
The Communist Victory | 245 |
National Reintegration | 285 |
Suggested Reading | 311 |
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1911 Revolution anti-Japanese areas became central government Ch'en Chiang Kai-shek Chinese Communist Chinese intellectuals civil Clique Comintern commander Communism Communist Party Confucian countryside early economic effective elite Feng force foreign Fourth Movement gentry goals Harvard University Press Hu Shih Hunan ideology important independent Japan Japanese Kuomin Kuomintang Kuomintang government Kwangsi Kwangtung leaders leadership League Li Tsung-jen Liang loyalty Manchu Manchuria Marxism mass ment military modern monarchy munist Nanking Nanking decade Nanking government national integration National Revolutionary Army nationalist north China Northern Expedition officers organization peasantry peasants Peking political problems provinces radical reform regional republic republican Revolution of 1911 rural Russian Shanghai Shansi Shantung social society soldiers Soviet Sun Yat-sen Szechwan tang territorial tion traditional troops twentieth century United village Wang Ching-wei warlord period Western workers Wuhan Yen Hsi-shan Yuan Shih-k'ai Yuan's
Popular passages
Page 286 - In all practical work of our party, correct leadership can only be developed on the principle of 'from the masses, to the masses.' This means summing up (ie, co-ordinating and systematizing after careful study) the views of the masses (ie, views scattered and unsystematic), then taking the resulting ideas back to the masses, explaining and popularizing them until the masses embrace the ideas as their own, stand up for them and translate them into action by way of testing their correctness.
Page 279 - The salvation of the situation, as I see it, would be the assumption of leadership by the liberals in the Government and in the minority parties, a splendid group of men, but who as yet lack the political power to exercise a controlling influence. Successful action on their part under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek would, I believe, lead to unity through good government.
Page 8 - Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due the nation-state.
Page 125 - Liberation means the liberation of this or that system, of this or that idea, or this or that individual; it is reform by inches and drops. The first step in the recreation of civilization is the study of this or that problem.
Page 38 - This pattern of things continued into the last years of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth...
Page 323 - Ramon H. Myers, The Chinese Peasant Economy: Agricultural Development in Hopei and Shantung, 1890-1949 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp.
Page 218 - Stated simply, it is to thoroughly militarize the lives of the citizens of the entire nation so that they can cultivate courage and swiftness, the endurance of suffering and a tolerance of hard work, and especially the habit and ability of unified action, so that they will at any time sacrifice themselves for the nation. s" He pointed out that the best examples were Germany, Italy and Japan.
Page 11 - fundamental democratization" imply two distinct stages of the process: (1) the stage of uprooting or breaking away from old settings, habits and commitments; and (2) the induction of the mobilized persons into some relatively stable new patterns of group membership, organization and commitment.