cerned; hence the superintendent is responsible to no one, and succeeds because its present head is both capable and conscientious.

It has no adequate knowledge of the social and mental histories of its wards.

It keeps only the usual school work record of its inmates and a record of infractions and bad conduct, but no system of recording progress.

It furnishes no supervision, directly or indirectly, of boys on parole, nor does it receive any information concerning their progress or failure while on parole.

Recommendations

1. The Director of Public Welfare should appoint a representative group of citizens to act as an advisory board for this institution; an administrative code should be worked out, setting forth the duties and responsibilities of such an advisory board, its relation to the Department of Public Welfare, the Juvenile Court, and the probation office, and providing for a proper reception and classification system for inmates, a system of records, and an adequate parole plan. These should be in thorough accord with the spirit, purposes, and work of the Juvenile Court, the Detention Home, the Juvenile Probation Department, and the Department of Public Welfare.

2. A regular plan should be formulated for the exchange of information to the end that this institution shall receive the fullest possible family and individual history of all inmates from the Associated Charities clearing-house.

3. There should be one final and supreme supervisory authority exercised over the institution. If for any reason it be deemed advisable for the Juvenile Court to continue any manner of supervision over this institution, a clearer demarkation should be made between executive and judicial functions, so that this important experiment of administrative and judicial coöperation be allowed to develop normally. All school and other productive work of the institution should be coördinated through mental and industrial tests. There should be the fullest development of the medical service.

THE GIRLS' HOME AT WARRENSVILLE

The Girls' Home at Warrensville consists of a single wooden structure containing two stories, an attic, and a basement, with a capacity of 39. This capacity is usually exceeded. Recent alterations have provided four bath-tubs, two showers, six toilets and lavatories, well-lighted and ventilated dormitories, a dining-room and kitchen on the first floor, a school-room, and a living-room. The building is a virtual fire-trap. The

boilers and furnace are in the basement, and the clearance between the top of the furnace pipe and the ceiling is about one foot. A small heater for hot water is attached to the plant. The connection between this heater and the smokestack has a clearance of 15 or 16 inches from the ceiling, which consists of floor beams and flooring for the rooms above. There is no asbestos or other covering for these pipes, nor is there any metal, asbestos, or other protection for the ceiling above the pipes.

The institution is administered without any thought-out plan. It is neither a home, a school, a correctional institution, nor a recreational center, but a little of each. At the time of the survey the new appointees had been in charge less than two weeks, but the administrative faults were by no means entirely the fault of the present management.

Such records as come to the institution are kept in bureau drawers. There is no accounting system worthy of the name. Receipts and memoranda of past transactions have been kept on miscellaneous slips of paper. It is impossible, by consulting the records, to find out anything about the institution. There seems to be an almost total lack of appreciation of the problems connected with the attempt to train and guide the type of girl committed to its charge.

As the building was undergoing extensive repairs a group of plumbers and carpenters, inmates of the workhouse at Warrensville, were about. While visiting the kitchen, which is located in the basement, the investigator found five girls and one old man there. It was explained that the old man was an errand boy who spent most of his time in the kitchen, because the girls gave him good things to eat. Leading out of the kitchen through a passage free of doors is the boiler room, under the care of two girls, aged sixteen and seventeen. These girls fire the boiler, carry the ashes, and generally take care of the janitorial work in that part of the basement. The boiler room opens into a large basement room which had been used by the workmen. The girls' toilet is in the boiler room and is unprotected, even by a screen. The workmen have had free access through this passage either to the boiler room or to the kitchen, and the girls have had free access to the basement where the workmen are. It is our conclusion that two women can hardly keep careful watch over five or six young inmates of the workhouse and 34 inmate girls of the institution.

The training consists of housework and school work. The housework is simply cooking, cleaning, making beds, and the like. No attempt is made to teach the girls the arts of cooking and homemaking. The investigators who visited the home are all of the opinion that the housework is poorly performed. The girls themselves appear to be careless in general

appearance and manner. Everything about the place speaks either of neglect or ignorance or both. Recently an advisory board, appointed by the Director of Public Welfare, has been making improvements. It is to be hoped that the new superintendent will bring the administration of the home up to the level of the boys' farm and that the city will furnish equipment which the school so much needs.

The course of study provided for these delinquent girls contains several periods a week of algebra, geometry, and art; one period a week for French, hygiene, and vocational guidance. These subjects are obviously unsuited to the institution, and the superintendent should organize the school upon a proper basis.

Recommendations

1. A thoroughly experienced woman should be put in charge at once. 2. Methods of good business administration should be adopted, such as the use of proper filing cases and a store-room for supplies. A good system of accounting should be installed.

3. Algebra, geometry, and art should be eliminated and an appropriate curriculum be substituted in which household art, physiology, hygiene, dressmaking, millinery, and kitchen gardening are emphasized.

4. A matron should be engaged for all-night duty, and additional officers employed for day duty in the school. These officers should not be sent out to make field investigations, but should remain at the institution to care for and instruct the girls.

5. The windows of the cellar and the first floor should be made secure against intrusion from without. Girls should be permitted to go to the tuberculosis sanatorium to work only when accompanied by a responsible and capable woman officer of the Girls' School.

6. The present building should be moved to a proper location as soon as possible, and upon the new site one additional modern cottage should be erected to accommodate the girls who cannot be sent there

now.

T

CHAPTER III

PROBATION

HE city of Cleveland employs probation officers in the Municipal and Cuyahoga County employs them in the Juvenile Court. Probation work in Common Pleas Court is supposed to be performed by parole officers attached to the State Reformatory at Mansfield and the penitentiary in Columbus. While a detailed study of the work of the State Parole Department did not fall within the scope of this survey, it is obvious that the small staff of officers attached to these two State institutions is overwhelmed with parole work and can give little time to probation work in the various counties. The Common Pleas judges in Cleveland have for a long time recognized that they cannot depend upon the parole officers of the State to conduct the painstaking investigations which the modern probation system requires. As a consequence, these judges are attempting to settle cases in advance through the imposition of sentences or by change of disposition. No matter how well intentioned the judge, the fact that he changes his dispositions so frequently in itself has a tendency to lower respect for the courts as impartial tribunals, for to the ordinary criminal a favorable change of disposition means that the court or some officer has been "seen." This attitude of offenders must be appreciated in planning a proper correctional system for Cleveland.

Municipal Court judges observe this tendency of the Common Pleas courts and have pushed it to absurd extremes. The number of cases municipal judges have to handle, the speed required, and all of the conditions surrounding the courts are productive of results which are unworthy of Cleveland. Other branches of this survey have observed in detail how cases are handled. We have confined ourselves to a study of the results of their work as these are reflected in the disposition of cases sent to the Warrensville workhouse. A portion of the results of this study are summarized in Tables 3 and 4 and graphic comparisons of the figures in the tables are presented in Diagrams 1 and 2, the former illustrating material in Table 3 and the latter the material in Table 4.

This analysis indicates clearly that Cleveland courts are attempting to perform not only the services of a court, but also those of a well

TABLE 3.-ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES TERMINATED DURING THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1920, CLASSIFIED BY THE KIND OF SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE COURT

TABLE 4.-ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES TERMINATED DURING THE MONTHS OF JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, 1920, CLASSIFIED BY THE KIND OF SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE COURT

conducted correctional system. The frequency with which fines are resorted to, the relatively large number of sentences terminated by court order, and the kind and length of sentences imposed indicate that the