to be derived from abstinence of this character are set forth by Tertullian, from whose treatise on fasting I make one or two extracts:

'On the other hand he whose "heart" was habitually found "lifted up" rather than fattened up, who in forty and as many nights maintained a fast above the power of human nature, while spiritual faith subministered strength (to his body) both saw with his eyes God's glory, and heard with his ears God's voice, and understood with his heart God's law; while he taught him even then (by experience) that man liveth not by bread alone, but upon every word of God; in that the people, though fatter than he, could not constantly contemplate even Moses himself, fed as he had been upon God, nor his leanness, sated as it had been with His glory! Such is the prerogative of circumscribed food that it makes God tent-fellow-peer, in truth, with peer!' . . . The men of Israel went forth out of Mispeh and pursued the aliens and smote them unto Bethor-the unfed (chasing) the fed, the unarmed the armed. Such will be the strength of them who "fast to God." For such Heaven fights.' 'Thus a Godward fast is a work of reverential awe; and by its means also Hannah, the wife of Elkanah, making suit, barren as she had been before time, easily obtained from God the filling of her belly, empty of food, with a son, ay, and a prophet.

'Nor is it merely a change of nature, or aversion of perils, or obliteration of sins, but likewise the recognition of mysteries which fasts will merit from God.'1

SEXUALITY.

§ 87. The pleasures of sexual gratification are not less important than those of the preceding subdivision. The pleasure of the sexual association is peculiar and not susceptible of resolution into any other pleasure; and with this are united many accessory and incidental pleasures. Its close association with the enjoyments of society are apparent, for two persons are required for its gratification, and its genial effects are well known. It is also dependent upon nervous vitality and integrity of the body. Repletion favours it. It occurs and is enjoyed chiefly with repose.2

1 Roberts and Donaldson's Trans. Vol. III. Edinburgh, 1870.

2 La copulation, pour être bien faite, veut la complaisance, la tranquillité et

{3%. The palke grøned so the plane fut described are A scanpure d seeds, grosin, restraint; ai The former are allled wil batic scitode, inating to mone; the latter more especially with disintevratu, prosation, cos, failure to Lourish. The latter are the proper opperber of the pleasures of sexual gratification, and the former may be considered as pains associated with those pleasures. But since so many associated delights are dependent upon the gratification itself, and not upon the power to gratify merely, it seems wiser to place in a group together all the pains of sexual denial. Of course the representative pains of this class are those corresponding to the loss of the representative pleasures of sexual gratification. The term old age indicates a large group of them.

89. With the joys of gratified sexual desire are connected evils. In a considerable degree, sexual enjoyment entails depletion, loss of vitality, vigour and power. Excess always brings serious weakness. The development of the individual and reproduction are in an inverse ratio. What goes for reproduction is to an extent, deducted from the progress of the individual. All the ills that arise from this source, then, must be remembered as offsets to the pleasures of sexuality. Moreover, there are various special disenses consequent chiefly upon illicit or promiscuous intercourse which detract very seriously from the value of its pleasures. Indulgence is obtained in many cases at the expense of loathsome and corrosive maladies which curse the body for life, and for which

Besides, there must also be considered in this relation the pains of pregnancy and childbirth, the rearing of children, and the increased labour, care, and responsibility, coming to both sexes from the maintenance of a family. The latter, however, have their compensatory joys beyond the pleasures of sexual intercourse, which last are very little considered in comparison with more highly representative and more worthy pleasures.

§ 90. The greater vigour, elasticity and power in other directions resulting from sexual denial, are the repaying pleasures associated with the pains. Clearness of intellect, readiness of action, spiritual energy and repose are attached to sexual denial, and if the latter is not too prolonged or too rigid, they generally overmaster the pain. Freedom from all the ills of sexual association also is to be taken into account.

§ 91. The pleasures of sexual gratification are both intense and pervasive; in them we have the best example to be found of the combination in the same experience of a high degree of intensity and a thorough pervasiveness. The corresponding pains of oppression are intense sometimes, but are pervasive to only a slight extent. The pains of impotence are either representative or merged with those of disintegration and prostration.

§ 92. The sexual appetite is so greedy, so apt to run riot, and so readily excited by description and illustration, that exhibitions by pen or pencil of the most presentative sexual pleasures have been always more or less reprobated by mankind. For this cause I shall not venture to make quotations from works which depict the presentative delights of sexuality to their full extent. Such works, however, occur in all languages apart from medical treatises. Perhaps in Greek literature a passage in 'Lucius sive Asinus' of Lucian is the most explicit of any to be found now. This is imitated in Apuleius. In Latin also may be instanced the 'Satyricon of Titus Petronius Arbiter, the 'Priapeia,' the 'Cento Nuptialis' of Ausonius, and some portions of Lucretius 'De Natura Rerum.' In modern literature there is in French and English a vast amount of erotic prose and poetry which is nameless and without a history. Works are published, circulated and suppressed, and no trace of them is preserved save in extensive libraries and private collections of bibliopoles. There is probably no period when grossly indecent books are not to be found. They minister to a popular want, and though tabooed from prudential reasons nevertheless exist and can

Heat is a powerful stimulant. With the pleasures of light apart from heat it is, perhaps, not more associated than with those of darkness. With the other primary pleasures its connection is more indirect. As concerning its special senses, its joys are chiefly those of touch, sight, and smell.

The ideal pleasures of this group are very far reaching. The emotion called sexual love is not the simple desire for sexual intercourse, but the latter is the groundwork of the former; other forms of love than that between two young persons of marriageable age are more remotely related to the sexual instinct, but are still related. The aesthetic effects of beauty in the human form, attractiveness, social gatherings, scenic representations, poetry, music, and dancing are all ideal pleasures resting in great part upon sexuality. The happiness of the family and domestic joys not less so.

§ 88. The pains opposed to the pleasures just described are of two classes, those of distension, oppression, restraint; and those of impotence. The former are allied with irritation, solitude, inability to move; the latter more especially with disintegration, prostration, cold, failure to nourish. The latter are the proper opposites of the pleasures of sexual gratification, and the former may be considered as pains associated with those pleasures. But since so many associated delights are dependent upon the gratification itself, and not upon the power to gratify merely, it seems wiser to place in a group together all the pains of sexual denial. Of course the representative pains of this class are those corresponding to the loss of the representative pleasures of sexual gratification. The term old age indicates a large group of them.

§ 89. With the joys of gratified sexual desire are connected evils. In a considerable degree, sexual enjoyment entails depletion, loss of vitality, vigour and power. Excess always brings serious weakness. The development of the individual and reproduction are in an inverse ratio. What goes for reproduction is to an extent deducted from the progress of the individual. All the ills that arise from this source, then, must be remembered as offsets to the pleasures of sexuality. Moreover, there are various special diseases consequent chiefly upon illicit or promiscuous intercourse which detract very seriously from the value of its pleasures. Indulgence is obtained in many cases at the expense of loathsome and corrosive maladies which curse the body for life, and for which

Besides, there must also be considered in this relation the pains of pregnancy and childbirth, the rearing of children, and the increased labour, care, and responsibility, coming to both sexes from the maintenance of a family. The latter, however, have their compensatory joys beyond the pleasures of sexual intercourse, which last are very little considered in comparison with more highly representative and more worthy pleasures.

§ 90. The greater vigour, elasticity and power in other directions resulting from sexual denial, are the repaying pleasures associated with the pains. Clearness of intellect, readiness of action, spiritual energy and repose are attached to sexual denial, and if the latter is not too prolonged or too rigid, they generally overmaster the pain. Freedom from all the ills of sexual association also is to be taken into account.

§ 91. The pleasures of sexual gratification are both intense and pervasive; in them we have the best example to be found of the combination in the same experience of a high degree of intensity and a thorough pervasiveness. The corresponding pains of oppression are intense sometimes, but are pervasive to only a slight extent. The pains of impotence are either representative or merged with those of disintegration and prostration.

'

§ 92. The sexual appetite is so greedy, so apt to run riot, and so readily excited by description and illustration, that exhibitions by pen or pencil of the most presentative sexual pleasures have been always more or less reprobated by mankind. For this cause I shall not venture to make quotations from works which depict the presentative delights of sexuality to their full extent. Such works, however, occur in all languages apart from medical treatises. Perhaps in Greek literature a passage in 'Lucius sive Asinus' of Lucian is the most explicit of any to be found now. This is imitated in Apuleius. In Latin also may be instanced the 'Satyricon of Titus Petronius Arbiter, the 'Priapeia,' the 'Cento Nuptialis' of Ausonius, and some portions of Lucretius 'De Natura Rerum.' In modern literature there is in French and English a vast amount of erotic prose and poetry which is nameless and without a history. Works are published, circulated and suppressed, and no trace of them is preserved save in extensive libraries and private collections of bibliopoles. There is probably no There is probably no period when grossly indecent books are not to be found. They minister to a popular want, and though tabooed from prudential reasons nevertheless exist and can