CIGAR CASE-BEARER."

The cigar case-bearer is another species of minor importance, although it has occasionally been reported as doing considerable damage to foliage (fig. 105) in orchards that have been more or less neglected. It is primarily an apple and pear pest, but also attacks the quince, plum, cherry, and haw. It is thought to be a native species, feeding originally upon wild haws. Although reported principally from the North, it occurs in New Mexico and is likely to be

FIG. 105.-Apple leaves injured by cigar

case-bearer.

found in most apple sections, since it is readily distributed on nursery stock.

The cigar case-bearer hibernates as a half-grown larva within its case. which is attached to a branch of the tree. The caterpillars become active on the approach of spring and migrate to the opening buds, where they feed upon the expanding foliage and later eat the flower and fruit stems, as well as small holes into the young fruit itself. The black-headed, golden brown larvæ (figs. 106 and 107) quickly develop in size, which necessitates the enlarging of their winter cases, and later in the spring they construct new cirarshaped cases in which they continue to feed until early summer (fig. 108). Upon completing their growth they migrate to the branches. where they transform successively to light brown pup and small, gray moths (fig. 109), with heavily fringed wings, measuring about three-eighths of an inch from tip to tip. The eggs are very minute, yellow, and are usually located along the midrib of the lower surface of the leaves. Upon hatching the larvæ mine within the soft tissue of the leaves, and toward the approach of fall construct their winter cases, migrating in due time to the twigs, where the winter is passed.

Well-cared-for orchards will rarely, if ever, suffer important injury from the cigar case-bearer, and even though it may become abundant it can be easily controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead at the usual strength. A contact spray, as 10 per cent kerosene emulsion, or 40 per cent nicotine sulphate at the rate of one-half pint to 50 gallons of soapy water, may be employed instead of an arsenical.

PISTOL CASE-BEARER.38

Another curious little insect closely related to the cigar case-bearer and which occasionally attracts the attention of the orchardist is known as the pistol case-bearer. This insect is usually of minor importance, except in more or less neglected orchards or during seasons of local outbreak, when it may

Coleophora fletcherella Fernald,

38 Coleophora malivorella Riley.

become prominent. It has about the same distribution as the cigar case-bearer

FIG. 112.-Mines of trumpet leaf-miner.

and attacks essentially the same host plants. Although the larvæ usually attack the fruit, the chief damage is done to the flowering parts and foliage. This injury, however, to apple foliage is somewhat different from that caused by the cigar case-bearer, since the larvæ of this species do not mine the foliage, but, instead, eat out irregular patches, thus often skeletonizing the leaves (fig. 110).

The life history of the pistol casebearer resembles in a general way that of the cigar case-bearer, the principal points of difference being that the orange-colored larva (fig. 111) does not spend a part of its life as a miner: nor does it construct an entirely new case in place of its hibernaculum. Instead, the larva, as it grows, builds additions to its winter case so as to accommodate its body. The adult is a small. light brown moth, with orange wings which measure about half an inch from tip to tip. The eggs, which are deposited on the foliage, are very minute, reddish brown, strongly ribbed, and suggest a miniature inverted teacup.

The same suggestions given for the control of the cigar case-bearer are ap propriate for this species.

The trumpet leaf-miner is another species of minor importance although the subject of occasional inquiry. Its injuries on different occasions have been of importance, and it has been perhaps more destructive than other re lated leaf-miners. As the name suggests. the completed mines have somewhat the shape of a trumpet (fig. 112). When abundant, the injury may result in some defoliation of the trees, with consequent injury to fruit buds and fruit. It is thought to be native and doubtless fed originally upon crab-apple trees and wild haws, as it does at the present time. It occurs rather generally throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada.

FIG. 113.-Larva of

trumpet leaf-miner. (Upper epidermis of mine removed.) Enlarged.

The winter is passed in the larva stage within the mines in the fallen leaves (fig. 113), the mines being well lined with silk. The mature larva is about one-fifth of an inch in length, flat, legless, with a pale green body and yellowish brown head. It enters the pupa stage in the spring, and the moths are on the wing by the time the foliage is well out. The tiny moths have a wing expanse of about onefourth inch, the forewings being brown with a somewhat purplish luster.

3 Tischeria malifoliella Clemens.

The elliptical eggs are exceedingly minute, iridescent, of a greenish yellow tint, and are placed on the foliage. Upon hatching, the larvæ immediately burrow into the upper surface of the leaf, eventually eating out the characteristic trumpet-shaped mines. There are from two to four generations each year, depending upon the locality.

This insect can be destroyed in its mine by the use of contact sprays, such as 12 to 15 per cent kerosene emulsion or 40 per cent nicotine sulphate at the rate of one-half pint to 50 gallons of water, to which should be added 2 pounds of soap which has previously been dissolved with water. Plowing under leaves prior to the blooming period of the apple should aid in its control by burying the overwintering insects, thus preventing the escape of the moths.

SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF-MINER."

The spotted tentiform leaf-miner also is of comparatively little importance, but is occasionally the subject of inquiry from observing orchardists. As a larva it makes a small mine on the lower surface of the leaf, but since it does not devour all of the soft tissue, the mine appears spotted when viewed from above. Owing to the crumpling of the leaf, the mine bears some resemblance to a tent, and hence the rather fanciful common name. This insect, of European origin, is now distributed over most of the eastern part of the United States, and has been reported as feeding upon the apple, quince, plum, wild cherry, wild haws, and sweet-scented crab.

It passes the winter in the pupa stage within the mine on fallen leaves. The moths emerge in the spring and deposit their minute eggs on the foliage. The resulting caterpillars are about one-fifth of an inch in length and yellowish. The moths are very small, with brownish forewings on which are white lines and spots, with a black spot at the tip of the wing.

The suggestions given above for the control of the trumpet leaf-miner are applicable to the present species.

UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF-MINER."

The larva of the unspotted tentiform leaf-miner makes a tent-like mine (fig. 114) on the underside of the leaf somewhat larger than that of the spotted tentiform leaf-miner and, unlike the latter, consumes all of the leaf tissue except the veinlets. It attacks, in addition to the apple, pear, crab apple, haw, plum, and wild cherry. Although sometimes abundant in orchards, it is of very minor importance. It is probably a native species, and is more common in the Northern and Middle States than elsewhere.

The winter is passed in the pupa stage within a cocoon made in the folded edge of a leaf (fig. 115). The pupa is about one-sixth of an inch long and yellowish brown. The small grayish moths issue in the spring and deposit on the foliage, usually on the lower surface, their very minute eggs, which are invisible to the naked eye. The footless larvæ soon hatch and eat their way into the inner leaf tissue, where they start their characteristic mines. The fullgrown larva is about one-fourth of an inch long and greenish gray. Several generations are produced yearly, the last brood pupating during the late fall and passing the winter in this condition.

Special remedial measures will seldom be necessary, but if such is the case the most practical means of control is, perhaps, to destroy the overwintering pup in the fallen leaves by plowing and disking the orchard in the early spring previous to the issuance of the adults.

40 Lithocolletes blancardella Fabricius, 41 Ornix geminatella Packard.