waters is to the inhabitants an affair the most important. A few feet less than the ordinary height, would prevent the spreading of the waters to a sufficient distance; a few feet more than the usual quantity would prevent the water from draining off in the proper season for sowing, and spread devastation throughout the country, as in the years 1818 and 1829; and, in either case, a famine, and perhaps an extensive loss of lives, would be the consequence. When the Nile has attained the proper height, and when it seems not to rise too far, Egypt is the scene of festivity and congratulation; the inhabitants are assured of abundance, and anticipate with joy the approaching harvest. the Senegal, the Gambia, and other great rivers pro- | neighbouring countries. The proper rise of the ceeding from the unknown interior of Africa, discharge themselves into the Atlantic, conceived that these rivers might be the mouths of the Niger itself, and therefore gave it a westward course. It was reserved for Mungo Park, to decide the question as to the direction of the Niger in favour of the old Grecian geographer: on the 21st of July, 1796, that intrepid traveller beheld, from the heights of Sego, "the majestic Niger flowing slowly from west to east." Equally unsettled were the early notions as to the source of this river: for whilst some believed it to originate in the mountains of Mauritania, others affirmed that it issued from a lake to the south of Bornou; and others, as we have hinted, identified its fountain-head with that of the Nile. It is now decided from observation that the great central river of Africa has its source near Mount Lamba, in the country of the Soulimas, on the northern declivities of the Kong mountains, between 9° and 10° west of Greenwich, and, according to Major Laing, at an elevation of 1,638 feet above the level of the Atlantic. It runs first north-east through an unexplored country; and then, inclining a little more towards the east, passes the large cities of Bammakou, Yamima, Sego, and Sansanding. From the latter place it runs north-east through lake Dibbie, to Timbuctoo, and thence sweeps in a circular direction to the south of Houssa. Messrs. Denham and Clapperton, in 1821, on visiting Soccatoo, in 6° 10' E. long., found that the Niger there flowed to the south, under the name of the Quora. In 1825, Clapperton again set out on a tour of discovery, and crossed the Niger at Boussa. On this expedition, he was accompanied by his servant, Richard Lander, who, after the death of his master, attempted to descend the Niger from Fundah, but was prevented by the jealousy of the government. In 1830, Lander set out from Badagry, with his brother John, for the purpose of following down the course of the river to its mouth. They reached the river at Boussa; ascended to Youri and the Cubbie, which comes from Soccatoo; and then descended the river, which flows nearly south from Boussa, and which, after receiving the Shary, expands into a large lake, and empties itself, by several arms, into the Bight of Benin. The mouth by which they reached the sea, is laid down on the maps as the river Nun. Thus from Park's first point, in 1805, its course is traced for 2,000 miles, a considerable part of which is navigable for steamboats. NOTE D.-The Nile. The length of the Nile is about 2,000 miles; but, as it receives few collateral branches, and none from the mouth of the Tacazze to the Delta a distance of nearly 1,350 nautical miles-its breadth is seldom, if ever, more than one-third of a mile, and its average depth is only about 12 feet. This, however, must be understood as relating to its situation when confined within its banks; during an inundation, it lays every level spot upon its banks under water. The ancients were not well acquainted with any other river which annually inundated the country around it. This circumstance, therefore, must have attracted no inconsiderable share of their attention. To moderns, the overflowing of the Nile is no longer a matter of surprise; nor is the Nile in this respect singular. Every river which has its source within the tropics annually overflows its banks; and the cause is the same in all. The incessant torrents of rain which attend the vertical sun, and which constitute the winter of tropical regions, swell every river beyond its ordinary bounds, and lay the level country under water. This is found to be the case with the Plata and the Amazon, and with every considerable stream whose source is not far removed from the equator. The Nile rises within the tropics, and consequently inundates yearly the Of the sources of this river, much ignorance and difference of opinion long prevailed; but it now appears that the sources of one of its principal branches -if not of the Nile itself was known to Europeans long before they credited the fact. Bruce, it is true-who undertook a search which was believed to have eluded every former adventurer-assures us that he was the first of Europeans who saw the fountains from which the Nile originates; and, so anxious was he to secure this honour to himself, that he minutely examines the accounts of such travellers as pretend to have visited them before him, and his decision, as was to be expected, is in his own favour. But his examination of Kircher's account of the sources of the Nile, plainly evinces, that the latter either visited these sources himself, or received his information from such as had visited them. What were considered the sources of the Blue River, by some regarded as the head or main branch of the Nile, were found and described by two Jesuits, Paez and Tellez, two centuries before the pretended discovery of Bruce. A few differences and inaccuracies detected by Bruce in the account, serve rather to confirm than invalidate the truth of this early visit. Still, Bruce deserves all praise for his enterprising and laborious researches; and the reception of his narra tive, even by his own countrymen, can scarcely be accounted generous, when it is considered that it was at first doubted whether he had really ever seen the head of the river which he described as the chief branch of the Nile; and when this could no longer be insinuated, it was immediately discovered that he had only visited the head of an inferior branch, and that the true Nile originated far to the west, among the mountains of the Moon. Whether the branch visited by Bruce, called the Bahr-el-Azreek or 'Blue River,' or the Western branch, called the Bahr-elAbiad or White River,' had the better claim to be regarded as the head or main branch of the Egyptian river was long disputed. The name of the Nile indicates its relation to the Blue river rather than to the other stream. M. Calliaud, a French traveller, who accompanied a predatory excursion of the pasha of Egypt's two sons into Nubia, states that two considerable rivers, the Tournet and the Jabousse, flow from Abyssinia into the Blue River, the latter at the distance of two days and a half southward of Fazole, -a circumstance which renders it impossible that the Azreek should have its rise in Abyssinia. But, wherever the most distant sources of the Nile are actually situated, it appears to be chiefly fed by the rivers of Abyssinia, and to these its inundations are chiefly owing. We may regard therefore the Abys sinian Nile, or the Blue River, as the head-stream of the river of Egypt. NOTE E.-Falls of Niagara. Those who first visited the falls of Niagara, struck no doubt with their terrific appearance, and wishing to convey to others magnificent ideas of what they had seen, gave the world very exaggerated accounts of them. Father Hennipin, for example, asserts that the precipice which produces the cataract is not less than 600 feet high, and that the noise is such, that people distant from it several miles cannot hear each other speak! However, it may safely be maintained that no description can convey an adequate idea of their awful sublimity. The most satisfactory account which we have hitherto seen of these falls, is that published in the American Philosophical Transactions,' by Mr. Ellicot. Lake Erie," he observes, is situated upon a horizontal strata, in a region elevated about 300 feet above the country, which contains Lake Ontario. The descent which separates the two countries is in some places almost perpendicular; and the immense declivity formed by these strata, occasions both the cataract of Niagara, and the great falls of Cheneseco. This remarkable precipice generally runs in a south-western direction, from a place near the bay of Torento, on the northern side of Ontario, round the western angle of the lake: from thence it continues its course generally in an eastern direction, crossing the strait of Niagara and the Cheneseco river, till it is lost in the country towards the Seneca lake. The waters of this cataract formerly fell from the northern side of the slope, near the landing-place, but the action of such a tremendous column of water, falling from such an eminence, through a long succession of ages, has worn away the solid stone for the distance of seven miles, and formed an immense chasm, which cannot be approached without horror. Down this awful chasm, the waters are precipitated with amazing velocity, after they make the great pitch; and such a vast torrent of falling water communicates a tremulous motion to the earth, which is sensibly felt for some poles round, and produces a sound which is frequently heard at the distance of twenty miles. Many wild beasts that attempt to cross the rapids, above this great cataract, are destroyed; and if geese or ducks inadvertently alight on these rapids, they are incapable of rising on the wing again, and are hurried on to inevitable destruction. The great height of the banks renders the descent into the chasm extremely difficult; but a person, after having descended, may proceed to the base of the falls; and a number of persons may walk in perfect safety a considerable distance between the precipice and the descending torrent; where conversation is not much interrupted by the noise, which is not so great here as at some distance. A vapour or spray, of considerable density, resembling a cloud, continually ascends, in which a rainbow is always seen when the sun shines, and the position of the spectator is favourable. In the winter this spray attaches itself to the trees, where it is congealed in such quantities, as to divest them of their smaller branches, and produces a most beautiful crystalline appearance; a circumstance which attends the falls of Cheneseco, as well as those of Niagara. A singular appearance is observed at these falls, which has never perhaps been noticed by any writer. Immediately below the great pitch, a coinmixture of foam and water is puffed up in spherical figures, about the size of a common hay-cock. They burst at the top, and discharge a column of spray to a prodigious height; they then subside, and are succeeded by others, which exhibit the same appearance. These spherical forms are more conspicuous about mid-way between the west side of the strait, and the island which divides the falls, and where the largest column of water descends. This appearance is produced by the ascension of the air, which is carried down by the column of falling water in great quantities to the bed of the river. The river at the falls is about 743 yards wide, and the perpendicular pitch is 150 feet in height. In the last half mile, immediately above the falls, the descent of the water is 58 feet; but the difficulty which would attend the business, prevented me from attempting to level the rapids in the chasm Delow; though, from conjecture, I concluded that the waters must descend at least 65 feet; and from these results it appears, that the water falls about 273 feet in the distance of about seven miles and a-half." A recent visitor to the falls thus describes them: "You must descend to the very edge of the trembling rocky brink of the caldron on the British side, immediately under the stairs, and 60 or 70 feet below the narrow platform of the rock on which you have stood when you have reached the last of these stairs. This is not to be effected without some trouble, risk, and fatigue; but it repays all your exertion, for when you have reached the edge, close to the Rainbow or Split Rock, you are, as it were, at once in a new world-chaos seems there to have never been disturbed by the regularity of nature, but reigns solemn and supreme. Place your back against the projecting, blackened, and slime-covered rocks, and look towards the mighty mass of vapour and water before you, around you, beneath you, and above you. Hearing, sight, feeling, become as it were blended and confounded. You are sensible that you exist, perhaps, but in what state of existence has, for a few minutes, vanished from your imagina tion. The rocks vibrate under your feet; the milkwhite, boiling, and mountain surge advances, swells up, subsides, recoils, lashes, and mingles with the thick vapour. An indescribable and terrific, dull, yet deafening sound, shakes the air; your nerves feel the concussion, and the words of surprise which at length escape from your lips are inaudible even to yourself, so awfully stern is the uproar of the contending air and water in their conflict for mastery, The ideas which first struck me when I had recov ered from this stupor of astonishment, were those of being swept away by the foaming mountains, bubbling, seething in the huge caldron at my feet; of being on the point of losing the sense of hearing, for my temerity in venturing to pry so nearly into the unattainable mysteries of nature; and of instant annihilation from the mass of overhanging black and beetling rock above my head, at an absolute height of nearly 200 feet. In fact, I experienced the same sensations so beautifully described by Shakspeare in Lear,' but from a reverse cause; so true is it that extremes meet. I became giddy and confounded by looking at and up to the dizzy scene, instead of glancing from the eye down towards an unfathomable abyss of air and water below. There are few visitors who venture to the imminent deadly breach' of the edge of the caldron, and of the Split Rainbow Rock. These form a huge mass, buried cables deep in the gulf, fallen headlong from above, rent by the fall in twain nearly to its base, wedged into the lip of the caldron, and towering 20 or 30 feet above the mountain surge. How it became so transfixed baffles conjecture, for it was evidently hurled from the table-rock above. This Rainbow Rock as it is called, or Iris's Throne, from the extremity of the arc appearing to rest upon it when you view the great fall from the rocky table above, cannot now be approached so easily. The lad. der by which, at much personal hazard, its flat and slippery surface was gained, has been swept away by the raging flood; and it is, perhaps, fortunate that it is so, for the experiment of gaining and standing on the surface was attended with great risk. I saw one person, whilst I was sketching the scene, actually lying down at full length upon the edge of it, with his head projected over, to look into the very caldron. I shuddered at the hardihood displayed, for a false movement would be inevitable and instant destruction on that slippery platform. When he descended the ladder I told him what I had felt, and he was fully aware of his danger, but said, that from his childhood he had been a ranger in the Alps. To add to the difficulties of your situation on the edge of the caldron, the descending and ascending spray is so great, that you are wet through very soon; whilst | the clouds of arrowy sleet driving in your eyes render sketching not very pleasant; whilst, to add to your stock of ideas, you behold a truly Freischutz display, for, crawling at your feet, amidst a mass of ground and splintered timber, bones, and shivered rock, are the loathsome and large black toad, the hideouslydeformed black lizard, eels of a most equivocal appearance, and even that prototype of the eel, the fierce black water-serpent."-Bonnycastle's Canadas. CHAP. XV. OF THE OCEAN IN GENERAL; AND OF ITS SALTNESS. If we look upon a map of the world, we shall find that the ocean occupies considerably more of the globe, than the land is found to do. This immense body of waters is diffused round both the Old and New Continent, to the south; and may surround them also to the north, for what we know, but the ice in those regions has stopped our inquiries. Although the ocean, properly speaking, is but one extensive sheet of waters, continued over every part of the globe, without interruption, and although no part of it is divided from the rest, yet geographers have distinguished it by different names; as, the Atlantic or Western ocean, the Northern ocean, the Southern ocean, the Pacific ocean, and the Indian ocean. Others have divided it differently, and given other names, as the Frozen ocean, the Inferior ocean, or the American ocean. But all these being arbitrary distinctions, and not of Nature's making, the naturalist may consider them with indifference. In this vast receptacle, almost all the rivers of the earth ultimately terminate; nor do such great supplies seem to increase its stores; for it is neither apparently swollen by their tribute, nor diminished by their failure; it still continues the same. Indeed, what is the quantity of water of all the rivers and lakes in the world, compared to that contained in this great receptacle ?1 If we should offer to make a rude estimate, we shall find that all the rivers in the world, flowing into the bed of the sea, with a continuance of their present stores, would take up at least eight hundred years to fill it to its present height. For, supposing the sea to be eighty-five millions of square miles in extent, and a quarter of a mile, upon an average, in depth, this, upon calculation, will give about twenty-one millions of cubic miles of water, as the contents of the whole ocean. Now, to estimate the quantity of water which all the rivers supply, take any one of them; the Po, for instance, the quantity of whose discharge into the sea is known to be one cubic mile of water in twenty-six days. Now it will be found, upon a rude computation, from the quantity of ground, the Po, with its influent streams, covers, that all the rivers of the world furnish about two thousand 1 Buffon, vol. ii. p. 70. times that quantity of water. In the space of a year, therefore, they will have discharged into the sea about twenty-six thousand cubic miles of water; and not till eight hundred years will they have discharged as much water as is contained in the sea at present. I have not troubled the reader with the odd numbers, lest he should imagine I was giving precision to a subject that is incapable of it. Thus the Northern Thus great is the assemblage of waters diffused round our habitable globe; and yet, immeasurable as they seem, they are mostly rendered subservient to the necessities and the conveniences of so little a being as man. Nevertheless, if it should be asked whether they be made for him alone, the question is not easily resolved. Some philosophers have perceived so much analogy to man in the formation of the ocean, that they have not hesitated to assert its being made for him alone. The distribution of land and water,2 say they, is admirable; the one being laid against the other so skilfully, that there is a just equipoise of the whole globe. ocean balances against the Southern; and the New Continent is an exact counterweight to the Old. As to any objection from the ocean's occupying too large a share of the globe, they contend, that there could not have been a smaller surface employed to supply the earth with a due share of evaporation. On the other hand, some take the gloomy side of the question; they either magnify its apparent defects; or assert, that what seems defects to us, may be real beauties to some wiser order of beings. They observe, that multitudes of animals are concealed in the ocean, and but a small part of them are known; the rest, therefore, they fail not to say, were certainly made for their own benefit, and not for ours. How far either of these opinions be just, I will not presume to determine; but of this we are certain, that God has endowed us with abilities to turn this great extent of waters to our own advantage. He has made these things, perhaps, for other uses; but he has given us faculties to convert them to our own. This much agitated question, therefore, seems to terminate here. We shall never know whether the things of this world have been made for our use; but we very well know that we have been made to enjoy them. Let us then boldly affirm, that the earth and all its wonders are ours; since we are furnished with powers to force them into our service. Man is the lord of all the sublunary creation; the howling savage, the winding serpent, with all the untameable and rebellious offspring of Nature, are destroyed in the contest, or driven at a distance from his habitations. The extensive and tempestuous ocean, instead of limiting or dividing his power, only serves to assist his industry, and enlarge the sphere of 2 Derham's Physico-Theol. tive, they need not be dwelt upon here. While the merchant and the mariner are solicitous in describing currents and soundings, the naturalist is employed in observing wonders, though not so beneficial, yet to him of a much more important nature. The saltness of the sea seems to be foremost. his enjoyments. Its billows and its monsters, | light to any but those whose pursuits are lucrainstead of presenting a scene of terror, only call up the courage of this little intrepid being; and the greatest danger that man now fears on the deep, is from his fellow-creatures. Indeed, when I consider the human race as Nature has formed them, there is but very little of the habitable globe that seems made for them. But when I consider them as accumulating the experience of Whence the sea has derived that peculiar bitages, in commanding the earth, there is nothing terish saltness which we find in it, appears, by so great or so terrible. What a poor contempti-Aristotle, to have exercised the curiosity of natuble being is the naked savage, standing on the ralists in all ages. He supposed (and mankind beach of the ocean, and trembling at its tumults! were for ages content with the solution) that the How little capable is he of converting its terrors sun continually raised dry saline exhalations from into benefits; or of saying, Behold an element the earth, and deposited them upon the sea; and made wholly for my enjoyment! He considers hence, say his followers, the waters of the sea it as an angry deity, and pays it the homage of are more salt at top than at bottom. But, submission. But it is very different when he unfortunately for this opinion, neither of the has exercised his mental powers; when he has facts is true. Sea-salt is not to be raised by the learned to find his own superiority, and to make vapours of the sun; and sea-water is not salter it subservient to his commands. It is then that at the top than at the bottom. Father Bohours his dignity begins to appear, and that the true is of opinion that the Creator gave the waters of Deity is justly praised for having been mindful the ocean their saltness at the beginning: not of man; for having given him the earth for his only to prevent their corruption, but to enable habitation, and the sea for an inheritance. them to bear great burthens. But their saltness does not prevent their corruption: for stagnant sea-water, like fresh, soon grows putrid: and, as for their bearing greater burthens, fresh water answers all the purposes of navigation quite as well. The established opinion, therefore, is that of Boyle," who supposes, "That the sea's saltness is supplied not only from rocks or masses of salt at the bottom of the sea, but also from the salt which the rains, and rivers, and other waters, dissolve in their passage through many parts of the earth, and at length carry with them to the sea." But as there is a difference in the taste of rock-salt found at land, and that dissolved in the waters of the ocean, this may be produced by the plenty of nitrous and bituminous bodies that, with the salts, are likewise washed into that great receptacle. These substances being thus once carried to the sea, must for ever remain there; for they do not rise by evaporation so as to be returned back from whence they came. Nothing but the fresh waters of the sea rise in vapours; and all the saltness remains behind. From hence it follows, that every year the sea must become more and more salt; and this speculation Dr. Halley carries so far as to lay down a method of finding out the age of the world by the saltness of its waters. "For if it be observed," says he, "what quantity of salt is at present contained in a certain weight of water taken up from the Caspian sea, for example, and, after some centuries what greater quantity of salt is contained in the same weight of water, taken from the same place; we may conclude, that in proportion as the saltness has increased in a certain time, so much must it have increased before that time; and we may thus by the rule of proportion make This power which man has obtained over the ocean, was at first enjoyed in common; and none pretended to a right in that element where all seemed intruders. The sea, therefore, was open to all, till the time of the emperor Justinian. His successor Leo granted such as were in possession of the shore, the sole right of fishing before their respective territories. The Thracian Bosphorus was the first that was thus appropriated; and from that time it has been the struggle of most of the powers of Europe to obtain an exclusive right in this element. The republic of Venice claims the Adriatic. The Danes are in possession of the Baltic. But the English have a more extensive claim to the empire of all the seas encompasing the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland; and although these have been long contested, yet they are now considered as their indisputable property. Every one knows that the great power of the nation is exerted on this element; and that the instant England ceases to be superior upon the ocean, its safety begins to be precarious. It is in some measure owing to our dependence upon the sea, and to our commerce there, that we are so well acquainted with its extent and figure. The bays, gulfs, currents, and shallows of the ocean, are much better known and examined than the provinces and kingdoms of the earth itself. The hopes of acquiring wealth by commerce, has carried man to much greater length than the desire of gaining information could have done. In consequence of this, there is scarce a strait or a harbour, scarce a rock or a quicksand, scarce an inflexion of the shore, or the jutting of a promontory, that has not been minutely described. But as these present very ! little entertainment to the imagination, or de 5 Boyle, vol. iii. p. 221. an estimate of the whole time wherein the water | rested; the chemist, satisfied with the reality of would acquire the degree of saltness it should then be possessed of."6 All this may be fine: however, an experiment, begun in this century, which is not to be completed till some centuries hence, is rather a little mortifying to modern curiosity; and I am induced to think, the inhabitants round the Caspian sea will not be apt to undertake the inquiry. This saltness is found to prevail in every part of the ocean; and as much at the surface as at the bottom. It is also found in all those seas that communicate with the ocean; but rather in a less degree. The great lakes, likewise, that have no outlets nor communication with the ocean, are found to be salt; but some of them in less proportion. On the contrary, all those lakes through which rivers run into the sea, however extensive they be, are, notwithstanding, very fresh for the rivers do not deposite their salts in the bed of the lake, but carry them with their currents into the ocean. Thus the lakes Ontario and Erie, in North America, although for magnitude they may be considered as inland seas, are nevertheless fresh-water lakes; and kept so by the river St. Lawrence, which passes through them. But those lakes that have no communication with the sea, nor any rivers going out, although they be less than the former, are, however, always salt. Thus, that which goes by the name of the Dead sea, though very small when compared to those already mentioned, is so exceedingly salt, that its waters seem scarcely capable of dissolving any more. The lakes of Mexico and of Titicaca in Peru, though of no great extent, are nevertheless salt; and both for the same reason. Those who are willing to turn all things to the best, have not failed to consider this saltness of the sea as a peculiar blessing from providence, in order to keep so great an element sweet and wholesome. What foundation there may be in the remark, I will not pretend to determine; but we shall shortly find a much better cause for its being kept sweet, namely, its motion. his invention, and the mariner convinced of its being useless. I cannot, therefore, avoid mentioning a kind of succedaneum which has been lately conceived to answer the purposes of fresh water, when mariners are quite exhausted. It is well known, that persons who go into a warm bath, come out several ounces heavier than they went in; their bodies having imbibed a correspon dent quantity of water. This more particularly happens, if they have been previously debarred from drinking, or go in with a violent thirst; which they quickly find quenched, and their spirits restored. It was supposed, that in case of a total failure of fresh water at sea, a warm bath might be made of sea-water, for the use of mariners; and that their pores would thus imbibe the fluid without any of its salts, which would be seen to crystallize on the surface of their bodies. In this manner it is supposed, a sufficient quantity of moisture may be procured to sustain life, till time or accident furnish a more copious supply. But however this be, the saltness of the sea can by no means be considered as a principal cause in preserving its waters from putrefaction. The ocean has its currents, like rivers, which circulate its contents round the globe; and these may be said to be the great agents that keep it sweet and wholesome. Its saltness alone would by no means answer this purpose: and some have even imagined that the various substances with which it is mixed, rather tend to promote putrescence than impede it. Sir Robert Hawkins, one of our most enlightened navigators, gives the following account of a calm in which the sea, continuing for some time without motion, began to assume a very formidable appearance. "Were it not," says he, "for the moving of the sea, by the force of winds, tides, and currents, it would corrupt all the world. The experiment of this I saw in the year 1590, lying with a fleet about the islands of the Azores, almost six months; the greatest part of which time we were becalmed. Upon which all the sea became so replenished On the other hand, there have been many who with several sorts of jellies, and forms of serpents, have considered the subject in a different light, adders, and snakes, as seemed wonderful: some and have tried every endeavour to make salt-green, some black, some yellow, some white, some water fresh, so as to supply the wants of mariners in long voyages, or when exhausted of their ordinary stores. At first it was supposed simple distillation would do; but it was soon found, that the bitter part of the water still kept mixed. It was then tried by uniting salt of tartar with sea-water, and distilling both, but here the expense was greater than the advantage. Calcined bones were next thought of; but a hogshead of calcined bones, carried to sea, would take up as much room as a hogshead of water, and was more hard to be obtained. In this state, therefore, have the attempts to sweeten sea-water of divers colours; and many of them had life; and some there were a yard and a half, and two yards long: which had I not seen, I could hardly have believed. And hereof are witnesses all the company of the ships which were then present; so that hardly a man could draw a bucket of water clear of some corruption. In which voyage towards the end thereof, many of every ship fell sick, and began to die apace. But the speedy passage into our country was a remedy to the crazed, and a preservative for those that were not touched." This shows abundantly how little the sea's saltness was capable of preserving it from putrefaction but to put the matter beyond all doubt, |