UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, 1904 Chief of Department HOWARD J. ROGERS, Albany, N. Y. MONOGRAPHS ON EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES EDITED BY NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER President of Columbia University in the City of New York I EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION- ANDREW SLOAN DRAPER, President of the University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 2 KINDERGARTEN EDUCATION-SUSAN E. BLOW, Cazenovia, New York 3 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION-WILLIAM T. HARRIS, United States Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C. 4 SECONDARY EDUCATION ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, Professor of Edu cation in the University of California, Berkeley, California 5 THE AMERICAN COLLEGE- -ANDREW FLEMING WEST, Professor of Latin in Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 6 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY-EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Jay Professor of Greek in Columbia University, New York 7 EDUCATION OF WOMEN-M. CAREY THOMAS, President of Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 8 TRAINING OF TEACHERS-B. A. HINSDALE, Professor of the Science and Art of Teaching in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 9 SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE AND HYGIENE-GILBERT B. MORRISON, Principal of the Manual Training High School, Kansas City, Missouri 10 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION-JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS, Director of the College and High School Departments, University of the State of New York, Albany, New York T. II SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 13 COMMERCIAL EDUCATION-EDMUND J. JAMES, Professor of Public Administration in the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 14 ART AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION-ISAAC EDWARDS CLARKE, Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 15 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES - EDWARD ELLIS ALLEN, Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, Overbrook, Pennsylvania 16 SUMMER SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITY EXTENSION-GEORGE E. VINCENT, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago; Principal of Chautauqua 17 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS - JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL, Professor of Psychology in Columbia University, New York 18 EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO-BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, Principal of the Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama 19 EDUCATION OF THE INDIAN-WILLIAM N. HAILMANN, Superintendent of Schools, Dayton, Ohio 20 EDUCATION THROUGH THE AGENCY OF THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS-DR. W. H. LARRABEE, Plainfield, N. J. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER President of Columbia University in the City of New York 20 EDUCATION THROUGH THE AGENCY OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS BY WILLIAM H. LARRABEE, LL. D. Plainfield, New Jersey THIS MONOGRAPH IS PRINTED FOR LIMITED DISTRIBUTION BY THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMPANY RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AND EDUCATION One of the facts that most forcibly strikes the student of all early efforts in education is the predominance in them of religious motives and influences. This predominance has been clearly manifest in the beginnings of the schools in the United States. Even where the state has been ostensibly the active agent in these, its work has been in most cases inspired by the church and the ministers, and they have furnished the chief instrumentalities by which it has been carried on. In some of the colonies where the church and the state were closely allied at the beginning of the earliest settlement, as was the case with the Congregationalists in New England and the Episcopalians in Virginia and in New York after the English occupation, a distinct line cannot be easily drawn between what the state did and what the church, but the religious element was the active one. It has been usual to regard concerted movements in behalf of education as having begun with the higher education; and in the majority of cases they originated in the purpose to provide suitably qualified ministers for the congregations. The oldest American college, Harvard, was founded with the avowed object of training young men for the ministry. Its first benefactor, from whom it was named, was a minister, and its earlier presidents were ministers. The presence of the religious motive was evident in the earlier steps taken for the foundation of William and Mary college. Its faculty was organized with two professorships of divinity; its early chancellors were the bishops of London; its first nine presidents were clergymen; and three of its presidents were bishops. The beginning of Yale college was in the gift of books for a library by nine ministers, whose next step was to procure a charter for an institution, the purpose of which was |