Golden lads and girls all must,

As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.
Arv. Fear no more the frown o' the great,
Thou art past the tyrant's stroke;

Care no more to clothe, and eat;

To thee the reed is as the oak:
The sceptre, learning, physic, must
All follow this, and come to dust.

But these were heathens. tians, our poet fails not to holier consolation :

Cymbeline, Act iv. Sc. 2.

In the case of Chrisintroduce a touch of

Chief Justice. How doth the king?

Warwick. Exceeding well; his cares are now all ended.
Chief Justice. I hope not dead?

Warwick.

He's walk'd the way of nature;

And, to our purposes, he lives no more.

K. Henry IV. 2nd Part, Act v. Sc. 2. As much as to imply, not however to his own purposes, now that his true and immortal life has begun. So, too, in Winter's Tale, Dion says, with reference to the supposed death of Hermione, wife of King Leontes :

What were more holy

Than to rejoice, the former queen is well? Act v. Sc. 1. This happy notion and expression of our poet that it is 'well '-'exceeding well'—with the departed, was perhaps* derived from the reply which

* Since the above was written, I find that Mr. Henley has made the same conjecture. The phrase in question, as applicable to the dead, occurs also in Antony and Cleopatra, Act ii. Sc. 5 ; and twice in Romeo and Juliet, Act iv. Sc. 4, and Act v. Sc. 1.

.

the good Shunammite gave to the prophet Elisha, when he asked her,

Is it well with the child? And she answered, it is well— 2 Kings iv. 26.

though the child was dead.

But, in order that it may be really 'well' with us when we come to die, Shakspeare will also tell us-no man better-what is the one thing needful. And with what a lightning flash of condensed thought and language does he teach the lesson!

Men must endure

Their going hence, even as their coming hither:

King Lear, Act v. Sc. 2.

Ripeness is all: come on. 'Ripeness,' i. e. to be prepared to die, at the appointed time. As Hamlet expresses the same idea:If it (death) be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all. Act v. Sc. 2. Comp. Matth. xxiv. 44.

And what minister of the gospel ever discoursed more justly of the value of such preparation* than does, in Shakspeare's words, King Henry V., when, passing through the camp in disguise, before the battle of Agincourt, he holds discourse with Williams, one of the common soldiers of his army?

Every soldier in the wars should do as every sick man in his bed-wash every mote out of his conscience; and dying so, death

* It will not be out of place to mention here that our poet made his will only one month before his death, in perfect health and memory, God be praised!'-when both his daughters were married and settled in life; the younger only six weeks before the death of her father.

is to him advantage:* or not dying, the time was blessedly lost.
wherein such preparation was gained. And in him that escapes,
it were not sin to think, that making God so free an offer, He
let him outlive that day to see His greatness, and to teach others
how they should prepare.
Act iv. Sc. I.

The same all-important truth is urged again in
King Richard III. Act iii. Sc. 3 :-

'Tis a vile thing to die

When men are unprepared and look not for it.

And now-if we wish to see (as far as can be seen in this world) an example of this truth in the end of one, haughty and ambitious, who was neither ripe nor ready-what sermon is to be compared to the representation which our poet gives of the death of Cardinal Beaufort, in the Second Part of King Henry VI.; its effect being heightened by the charity of the king in declining to judge, and in proposing to turn it to the edification of the survivors! I give the scene entire-for, as with the Scripture itself (if the comparison may be made without irreverence), it would be wrong to take anything from it, or to add anything to it. Johnson has truly observed, 'the beauties of it are such that the superficial reader cannot miss them, and the profound can imagine nothing beyond them.'

SCENE.-Cardinal Beaufort's bedchamber.

Enter K. HENRY, SALISBURY, WARWICK, &c. The Cardinal in bed.

* To die is gain.—Phil. i. 2.

1

K. Hen. How fares my lord? speak, Beaufort, to thy sovereign. Car. If thou be'st Death, I'll give thee England's treasure, Enough to purchase such another island,

So thou wilt let me live, and feel no pain.

K. Hen. Ah, what a sign it is of evil life,
Where death's approach is seen so terrible!
War. Beaufort, it is thy sovereign speaks to thee.
Car. Bring me unto my trial when you will.
Died he* not in his bed? where should he die ?
Can I make men live, whe'r they will or no?
O! torture me no more, I will confess.-
Alive again? then show me where he is;
I'll give a thousand pound to look upon him.-
He hath no eyes, the dust hath blinded them. -
Comb down his hair; look! look! it stands upright,
Like lime-twigs set to catch my winged soul!
Give me some drink; and bid the apothecary
Bring the strong poison that I bought of him.

K. Hen. O thou eternal Mover of the heavens,
Look with a gentle eye upon this wretch!
O, beat away the busy meddling fiend,
That lays strong siege unto this wretch's soul,
And from his bosom purge this black despair!

War. See, how the pangs of death do make him grin.
Sal. Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably.

K. Hen. Peace to his soul, if God's good pleasure be!
Lord cardinal, if thou think'st on heaven's bliss,
Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope.

He dies, and makes no sign; O God, forgive him!
War. So bad a death argues a monstrous life.
K. Hen. Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all.
Close up his eyes, and draw the curtain close ;
And let us all to meditation.

K. Henry VI. 2nd Part, Act iii. Sc. 3.

Humphrey, Duke of Gloster, murdered by Beaufort's order.

With this harrowing picture it will be some relief to compare the death-bed of another Cardinal, also the victim of inordinate ambition,* but partly, too, of the fickleness of royal favour-I mean Cardinal Wolsey. It is Queen Katharine who asks:

Kath. Pr'ythee, good Griffith, tell me how he died:

If well, he stepp'd before me, happily,

For my example.

Grif.

Well, the voice goes, madam :

For after the stout earl Northumberland

Arrested him at York, and brought him forward (As a man sorely tainted) to his answer,

He fell sick suddenly, and grew so ill,

He could not sit his mule.

Grif. At last, with easy† roads, he came to Leicester,
Lodg'd in the abbey; where the reverend abbot,
With all his convent, honourably receiv'd him;
To whom he gave these words,—O, father abbot,
An old man, broken with the storms of state,
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye;
Give him a little earth for charity!

So went to bed: where eagerly his sickness
Pursued him still; and, three nights after this,
About the hour of eight (which he himself
Foretold should be his last), full of repentance,
Continual meditations, tears, and sorrows,

He gave his honours to the world again,

His blessed part to heaven, and slept in peace.

Kath. So may he rest; his faults lie gently on him!

Griffith afterwards adds:

His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;

The death-bed scene of a sensualist, as exhibited in the case of

Falstaff, has been alluded to above. See p. 226.

† i. e. stages.