the river-side in front of it; and numerous offices were in a front line with the dwelling.

The city thus laid out William Penn named Philadelphia, composed of two Greek words, meaning BROTHERLY LOVE. He then proceeded to divide his Province and territories into counties; the Province containing Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester; the territories, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex; after which he marked out townships, and laid out lots, of the latter, reserving a thousand acres for his friend George Fox, as a testimonial of respect.

At this time William Penn wrote a letter to one of his detractors, in which he defends himself with considerable spirit, from which the following is extracted:

"Keep," says he, "thy place. I am in mine. I am not sitting down in a greatness which I have denied. Had I indeed sought greatness, I had staid at home, where the difference between what I am here, and what was offered, and I could have been there in power and wealth, is as wide as the places are. No: I came for the Lord's sake; and therefore have I stood to this day, well and diligent and successful: blessed be his power! Nor shall I trouble myself to tell thee what I am to the people of this place in travails, watchings, spendings, and to my servants every way freely, not like a selfish man."

Thus it is seen that William Penn, with all his meekness, charity, and pacific principles, was neither afraid nor ashamed to assert his own rights, and to tell his antagonist, as plainly as a Quaker could well do, to "mind his own business."

Having transacted much business, taken legal possession of his Province, united the territories to it, made a formal treaty in person with the Indians, held two general assemblies, given laws to the people, established courts and trial by jury, and laid out the city of Philadelphia, he embarked for his native land on the 12th of August, 1684, and arrived safely in England the 3d or 4th of October.

No man could have accomplished more for the good of his Quakers, and the prosperity of his Province, in the short space of two years. The immediate cause for his departure was

the charge, everywhere made against him there, that he was a PAPIST and a JESUIT, and the sharp and bitter persecution which had broken out anew against his friends the Quakers.

CHAPTER VII.

THE INDIANS.

William Penn's Letter - Persons of the Indians - Their Language — Customs and Manners - Religion - Government - Origin - Dr. Rush's AccountOf their Children - Food - Customs of Women - Employment of Men Common Customs - Diseases -Small-Pox and Venereal Imported - Reme

dies - Indian Speeches.

FTER consulting various historians of that day, no better description of this peculiar people has been found than that given by William Penn, in a letter to the Free Society of Traders of Pennsylvania, dated Aug. 16, 1683. His language is as follows:

OF THEIR PERSONS.

"They are generally tall, straight, well built, and of singular proportion. They tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with a lofty chin. Of complexion black, but by design, as the gypsies in England. They grease themselves with bear's fat, clarified; and, using no defence against sun and weather, their skin must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little and black, not unlike a straight-looked Jew. The thick lip and flat nose so frequent with the East Indians and blacks are not common to them; for I have seen as comely, European-like faces among them, of both sexes, as on your side of the sea: and truly an Italian complexion hath not much more of the white; and the noses of several of them have as much of the Roman.

OF THEIR LANGUAGE.

"Their language is lofty, yet narrow, but, like the Hebrew in signification, full. Like short-hand in writing, one word

serveth in the place of three, and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer; imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. I have made it my business to understand it, that I might not want an interpreter on any occasion; and I must say that I know not a language spoken in Europe, that hath words of more sweetness and greatness, in accent and emphasis, than theirs ; for instance, Octocockon, Rancocas, Oricton, Shak, Marian, Poquesien, all of which are names of places, and have grandeur in them. Of words of sweetness, anna is 'mother;' issimus, a 'brother;' neteap, friend;' usqueoret, very good;' pane, 'bread;' metsa, eat;' matta, no;' hatta, to have ;' payo, 'to come; Sepassen, Passijou, the names of places; Tamane, Secane, Menause, Secatareus, are the names of persons. If one ask them for any thing they have not, Matta ne hatta,' which to translate is, 'Not I have,' instead of 'I have not.'

THEIR CUSTOMS AND MANNERS.

"Of their customs and manners there is much to be said. I will begin with children. So soon as they are born, they wash them in water; and while very young, and in cold weather to choose, they plunge them in the rivers to harden and embolden them. Having lapt them in a clout, they lay them on a strait thin board a little more than the length and breadth of the child, and swaddle it fast upon the board to make it straight: wherefore all Indians have flat heads; and thus they carry them at their backs. The children will go very young,at nine months commonly. They wear only a small clout round their waist till they are big. If boys, they go a-fishing, till ripe for the woods, which is about fifteen; then they hunt; and, having given some proofs of their manhood by a good return of skins, they may marry; else it is a shame to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe the ground, plant corn, and carry burdens; and they do well to use them to that while young which they must do when they are old; for the wives are the true servants of the husbands: otherwise the men are very affectionate to them.

"When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear

something upon their heads for an advertisement, but so as their faces are hardly to be seen but when they please. The age they marry at, if women, is about thirteen and fourteen; if men, seventeen and eighteen. They are rarely older.

"Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the fashion of an English barn, but out of the power of the winds; for they are hardly higher than a man. They lie on reeds and grasses. In travel, they lodge in the woods, about a great fire, with the mantle of duffils they wear by day wrapped about them, and a few boughs stuck round them.

"Their diet is maize or Indian corn, divers ways prepared, sometimes roasted in the ashes, sometimes beaten and boiled with water, which they call homine. They also make cakes not unpleasant to eat. They have, likewise, several sorts of beans and peas that are good nourishment; and the woods and river are their larder.

"If a European comes to see them, or calls for lodging at their house or wigwam, they give him the best place and the first cut. If they come to visit us, they salute us with an 'Itah,' which is as much as to say, 'Good be to you!' and set them down, which is mostly on the ground, close to their heels, their legs upright: it may be they speak not a word, but observe all passages. If you give them any thing to eat or drink, well, for they will not ask for it; and be it little or much, if it be with kindness, they are well pleased: else they go away sullen, but say nothing.

"They are great concealers of their own resentments, brought to it, I believe, by the revenge that hath been practised among them. In either of these they are not exceeded by the Italians. A tragical instance fell out since I came into the country. A king's daughter, thinking herself slighted by her husband in suffering another woman to lie down between them, rose up, went out, plucked a root out of the ground and ate it, upon which she immediately died, and for which he, last week, made an offering to her kindred for atonement and liberty of marriage, as two others did to the kindred of their wives, who died a natural death; for, till widowers have done so, they must not marry again.