It is not claimed that the judgment appealed from is erroneous as to the defendant O'Neill if it is to be sustained as to the defendant Casualty Company. The foregoing discussion disposes, therefore, of all of the issues presented in the case. The judgment appealed from is affirmed. Wilbur, J., and Melvin, J., concurred.

[L. A. No. 4886. Department One.-May 29, 1919.] THE CITY OF VENICE (a Municipal Corporation), Respondent, v. SHORT LINE BEACH LAND COMPANY (a Corporation), Appellant.

[1] PUBLIC HIGHWAY-DEDICATION AND ACCEPTANCE.-The law relating to highways is indicated by section 2618 of the Political Code and all that is required is a dedication or abandonment by the owner and an acceptance thereof by the public, and to accomplish such dedication or abandonment and acceptance by the public, neither improvement of the way by public authority, nor payment of taxes by the public, is necessary.

[2] ID. INTENT TO DEDICATE - EVIDENCE.-In order to constitute a dedication of land for a highway or abandonment to the public for such purpose, the owner's intention to that effect must appear, but such intent need not be manifested by any contract, writing, or express declaration of the owner, and may be implied from his conduct.

[3] ID.-DEDICATION QUESTION OF FACT.-The question whether a dedication of land for highway purposes has occurred in any instance is a conclusion of fact to be drawn from the circumstances of the particular case, and such circumstances must clearly show an unequivocal intention, manifested by appropriate words or conduct, or both, on the part of the owner to devote his land to public

use.

[4] ID.-ACCEPTANCE OF HIGHWAY-EVIDENCE-USER.-It is not necessary that the acceptance of a highway by the public be manifested by any direct action, ordinance, or declaration of the public authorities, but it may be shown by mere user. [5] ID.-PAYMENT OF TAXES INSUFFICIENT REBUTTAL OF PROOF OF DEDICATION.-Payment of taxes by the owner is not sufficient to rebut the proof of dedication, if such proof is otherwise sufficient. [6] ID.-DEDICATION OF STRIP OF LAND TO PUBLIC USE-SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE.—In this action involving the character of a strip of land,

it is held the evidence sufficiently shows the intention of the owners that the strip should be used by the public as a public street or alley for the convenience and benefit of the public and of the owners of the lots abutting thereon, and that the general use by the public was a manifestation of its acceptance thereof.

[7] ID. DEDICATION BY AGENTS OF CORPORATION-ESTOPPEL.-A corporation is estopped to deny the authority of its agents to dedicate a strip of land to public use, where the entire subject of making sales of lots owned by it was left to the control of such agents. [8] CORPORATIONS AUTHORITY OF AGENT EVIDENCE. The authority of an agent to act for a corporation may be shown by evidence that the person does business for the corporation and on its behalf, as agent, with the knowledge and acquiescence of its directors or general manager, or by their direction, as well as by the minutes of its board of directors or by a contract in writing.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. H. T. Dewhirst, Judge Presiding. Affirmed.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.

William H. Fuller for Appellant.

Rush M. Blodget, City Attorney, for Respondent.

SHAW, J.-The Short Line Beach Land Company appeals from a judgment in favor of the city of Venice declaring that a certain strip of land claimed by said company is a public street or highway in the city of Venice.

The proceedings in the court below were initiated by a complaint filed by the city of Venice against said Land Company to condemn said land and other parcels for a public street. This complaint was filed on September 27, 1912. An answer was filed thereto and the cause was continued from time to time until May, 1914, when the court, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, made an order granting the Land Company leave to file a cross-complaint concerning the particular parcel now in question, on condition that the issues raised by the cross-complaint should be determined and disposed of before the issues raised upon the complaint in condemnation were determined. The cross-complaint was filed accordingly and the city of Venice made answer thereto. The issues upon this cross-complaint came on for trial in 1915. In the meantime the city of Venice had dismissed its action for con

demnation. The only questions for decision here are those arising upon the cross-complaint. The parcel of land is described as lot 38 of block 10 of the Short Line Beach subdivision No. 1, as recorded in map book 2, page 59, in the recorder's office of Los Angeles County.

The cross-complaint is in the form of an ordinary suit to quiet title. The answer thereto alleges that said parcel of land is a public street or alley in the city of Venice. The court found that it was such public street and the only question presented for consideration is whether or not the evidence is sufficient to support this finding.

The contention of the respondent is that the owners of the tract in question dedicated it to public use as a street or alley and that such dedication was accepted by the public. It is not claimed that there was any express dedication, or that the owners ever executed any contract, deed, or map showing their intention to make such dedication. In March, 1914, some two months before the filing of the crosscomplaint, the city of Venice passed an ordinance reciting that said strip of land had been offered for use as a street, and formally accepting it as such street. The respondent does not rely wholly on this acceptance, but contends that there was also an acceptance by the common use of the land by the public as a street and by other acts showing acceptance of the property as a street.

[1] There is no merit in the appellant's contention that section 325 of the Code of Civil Procedure, prescribing the conditions necessary to an adverse possession of the land, is applicable to this question. Land used for a highway could not be inclosed or cultivated, and no improvement thereof by the public authorities is necessary to constitute it a highway. The law relating to highways is indicated by section 2618 of the Political Code, declaring that such highways are roads, streets, alleys, etc., "laid out or erected as such by the public, or if laid out or erected by others, dedicated or abandoned to the public." To accomplish such dedication or abandonment and acceptance by the public, neither improvement of the way by public authority, nor payment of taxes. by the public, is necessary. All that is required is a dedication or abandonment by the owner and an acceptance thereof by the public.

CLXXX Cal.-29

[2] In order to constitute such dedication, or such abandonment, by the owner, his intention to that effect must appear. Such intent need not be manifested by any contract, writing, or express declaration of the owner. It may be implied from his conduct. "If the donor's acts are such as to indicate an intention to appropriate the land to the public use, then, upon acceptance by the public, the dedication becomes complete." (People v. Marin County, 103 Cal. 228, [26 L. R. A. 659, 37 Pac. 203].) In that case it is said that in the case of an express dedication by words or acts, "the intention to appropriate the land to public use is manifested by some outward act of the owner manifesting his purpose,' but that an implied dedication may be proved "by acts or conduct not directly manifesting the intention, but from which the law will imply the intent." [3] As stated in Helm v. McClure, 107 Cal. 204, [40 Pac. 437], the question "whether a dedication of land for highway purposes has occurred in any instance is a conclusion of fact to be drawn from the circumstances of the particular case; that such circumstances must clearly show an unequivocal intention, manifested by appropriate words or conduct, or both, on the part of the owner, to devote his land to the wayfaring uses of that somewhat vague entity called 'the public.' (Sussman v. San Luis Obispo County, 126 Cal. 539, [59 Pac. 24]; Smith v. San Luis Obispo, 95 Cal. 466, [30 Pac. 591]; Harding v. Jasper, 14 Cal. 647.) [4] It is not necessary that the acceptance by the public be manifested by any direct action, ordinance or declaration of the public authorities. "Such acceptance may be shown by mere user without any formal action in relation thereto by the municipal authorities." (Monterey v. Malarin, 99 Cal. 293, [33 Pac. 840].) "The use of the street by the public for a reasonable length of time," is sufficient evidence of acceptance. (Smith v. San Luis Obispo, 95 Cal. 470, [30 Pac. 591].) [5] This case further holds that the payment of taxes on the property by the owner is not sufficient to rebut the proof of dedication, if such proof is otherwise sufficient. Upon applying these principles to the case, we find that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the findings of the court.

Block 10 is a parcel of land between Canal Street, lying easterly, Pacific Avenue, otherwise called Trolley-way, westerly, Center Street, southerly and Mildred Avenue, north

erly, in the subdivision mentioned in the description aforesaid. Its width from Pacific Avenue to Canal Street is 235 feet. The frontage on Canal Street is about five hundred feet, that on Pacific Avenue about 644 feet. The difference between these sides is caused by the fact that Mildred Avenue is not at right angles to the side lines of the block. It contains thirty-eight lots. Seventeen of them are on the Canal Street side. Twenty of them front on Pacific Avenue. All of these are one hundred feet in length, thus leaving a strip thirty-five feet wide in the center of the block, extending from Mildred Avenue to Center Street and lying between the respective tiers of lots. This strip is designated on the map as lot 38. The land was subdivided for sale by a syndicate composed of some six or more persons and the subdivision and sale thereof was committed by the owners entirely to one member of the syndicate, a real estate firm known as Strong & Dickinson, and their subagents. Prior to the filing of the map, a tentative map had been made showing what is now called lot 38, not as a lot, but as an alley or street. At that time it was expected that a street-car line would be built through the tract upon this strip of land and it was intended to be used for that purpose. By some change of plan it was determined that the street-car line would not be so located. Before it was filed, this strip was designated on the map as lot 38, and a similar strip through block 9, lying southerly of block 10, was designated as lot 42. The evidence showed that nearly all of the lots were thereafter sold by the owners through Strong & Dickinson and subagents authorized by them, and that in making sales of lots they stated, or authorized the statement, to several of the purchasers that this strip would be left open for a public street. The street-car line which was built on Pacific Avenue, or Trolley-way, was so constructed that there was no adequate room for the passage of teams along that street. Purchasers made objections to this frontage and were told that they would have access to the lots over the strip of land in question. Houses were built upon the lots on each side of this strip, the lots fronting on Pacific Avenue being almost entirely built upon. Several of the owners made sidewalks in front of their lots upon the alleyway, so called, designated on the plat as lot 38. Some of these sidewalks were made as early as the year 1906. From about the year 1905 until the time