μασιν ἀπαλλάξαι κακῶν. Καὶ τότε τοὺς περὶ αὑτὸν ἱππεῖς ὁρῶν ἐν τοῖς προάγωσι καὶ ταῖς ἁψιμαχίαις εὐημεροῦντας καὶ κρατοῦντας, ἐξῆρτο τὸ φρόνημα· καί τινες αυτομολίαι γενόμεναι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ δια βολαὶ καθ' ἑτέρων καὶ ὑπόνοιαι, πολύ λοὺς τῶν Κασσίου φίλων μετέστησαν ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ πρὸς Βρούτον.

Plut. Brut. 36: Ἐπεὶ δὲ διαβαίνειν ἐξ Ασίας ἔμελλον, λέγεται τῷ Βρού τῳ μέγα σημεῖον γενέσθαι. Φύσει μὲν γὰρ ὴν ἐπεγρηγορὼς ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ τὸν ὕπνον εἰς ὀλίγου χρόνου μόριον ἀσκήσει καὶ σωφροσύνῃ συνῆγεν· ἡμέτ ρας μὲν οὐδέποτε κοιμώμενος, νύκτωρ δὲ τοσοῦτον, ὅσον οὔτε τι πράττειν, οὔτε τῷ διαλέγεσθαι, πάντων ἀναπαυομένων παρείχε. Τότε δὲ τοῦ πολέμου συνεστῶτος, ἐν χερσὶν ἔχων τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων πράξεις, καὶ τεταμένος τῇ φροντίδι πρὸς τὸ μέλο λον, ὁπηνίκα πρῶτον ἀφ' ἑσπέρας ἐπινυστάξειε τοῖς σιτίοις, ἤδη τὸ λοιπὸν ἐχρῆτο τῇ νυκτὶ πρὸς τὰ κατεπείγοντα τῶν πραγμάτων. Εἰ δὲ συνέλοι καὶ κατοικονομήσειε τὴν περὶ ταῦτα χρείαν, ἀνεγίνωσκε βιβλίου μέχρι τρίτης φυλακῆς, καθ ̓ ἣν εἰώθεσαν ἑκατοντάρχαι καὶ χιλίαρχοι φοιτᾶν πρὸς αὐτὸν. Ὡς οὖν ἔμελλεν ἐξ Ασίας διαβιβάζειν τὸ στράτευμα, νύξ μὲν ἦν ἡ βαθυτάτη, φῶς δ ̓ εἶχεν οὐ πάνυ λαμπρὸν ἡ σκηνή· πᾶν δὲ τὸ στρατόπεδον σιωπὴ κατεῖχεν. Ὁ δὲ συλλογιζόμενός τι καὶ σκοπῶν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἔδοξεν αἰσθέσθαι τινὸς εισιόντος. Αποβλέψας δὲ πρὸς τὴν εἴσοδον ὁρᾷ δεινὴν καὶ ἀλλόκοτον ὄψιν ἐκφύλου σώματος καὶ φοβερου, σιωπῇ παρεστῶτος αὐτῷ. Τολμήσας

taining of such great armies together. But perceiving that, in the daily skirmishes and bickerings they made, his men were always the stronger and ever had the better, that yet quickened his spirits again, and did put him in better heart. And furthermore, because that some of their own men had already yielded themselves to their enemies, and that it was suspected moreover divers others would do the like, that made many of Cassius' friends which were of his mind before (when it came to be debated in council, whether the battle should be fought or not) that they were then of Brutus' mind.

Br. 26: But as they both prepared to pass over again out of Asia into Europe, there went a rumour that there appeared a wonderful sign unto him. Brutus was a careful man, and slept very little, both for that his diet was moderate, as also because he was continually occupied. He never slept in the day-time and in the night no longer than the time he was driven to be alone, and when everybody else took their rest. But now whilst he was in war, and his head ever busily occupied to think of his affairs and what would happen, after he had slumbered a little after supper, he spent all the rest of the night in dispatching of his weightiest causes; and after he had taken order for them, if he had any leisure left him, he would read some book till the third watch of the night, at what time the captains, petty captains, and colonels, did use to come to him.

So being ready to go into Europe, one night very late, when all the camp took quiet rest, as he was in his tent with a little light, thinking of weighty matters, he thought he heard one come in to him, and casting his eye towards the door of his tent, that he saw a wonderful, strange and monstrous shape of a body coming towards him, and said never a word. So Brutus boldly asked what he was, a god or a man, and what cause brought him thither? The spirit answered him: „I am thy

δ' ἐρέσθαι· «Τίς ποτ' ὤν, εἶπεν, ἀνθρώπων ἢ θεῶν, ἢ τί βουλόμενος ἥκεις ὡς ἡμᾶς; ὑποφθέγγεται δὴ αὐτῷ τὸ φάσμα· «Ὁ σός, ο Βροῦτε, δαίμων κακός· ὄψει δέ με περὶ Φι λίππους καὶ ὁ Βροῦτο; οὐ δια ταραχθεὶς, Ὄψομαι,“ εἶπεν.*

Αφανισθέντος δ' αὐτοῦ τοὺς παῖδας ἐκάλει· καὶ μήτ' ἀκοῦσαι τινὰ φωνὴν μήτ' ἰδεῖν ὄψιν φασκόντων, τότε μὲν ἐπηγρύπνησεν· ἅμα δ' ἡμέρα τραπόμενος πρὸς Κάσσιον ἔφραζε τὴν ὄψιν.

evil spirit, Brutus, and thou shalt see me by the city of Philippes." Brutus, being no otherwise afraid, replied again unto it: „Well, then, I shall see thee again." The spirit presently vanished away; and Brutus called his men unto him, who told him, that they heard no noise, nor saw anything at all. Thereupon Brutus returned again to think on his matters as he did before: and when the day brake, he went unto Cassius, to tell him what vision had appeared unto him in the night.

Plut. Brut. 37: Ἐμβαινόντων δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, ἐπὶ τὰς πρώτας σημαίας ἀετοὶ δύο συγκατασκήψαντες ὁμοῦ, συνδιεκομίζοντο καὶ παρηκα λούθουν ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τρεφόμενοι μέχρι Φιλίππων. Ἐκεῖ δ' ημέρα μια πρὸ τῆς μάχης ᾤχοντο ἀποπτάμενοι. Cf. App. b. c. 4, 101.

Br. 39. Ἔτι δ' ὄρνεά τε σαρκοφάγα πολλὰ καθ' ἡμέραν ἐπεφαίνετο τῷ στρατοπέδῳ, καὶ μελισσῶν ὤφθησαν ἐσμοὶ συνιστάμενοι περὶ τόπον τινὰ τοῦ χάρακος ἐντός, ὃν ἐξέκλεισαν οἱ μάντεις, ἀφοσιούμενοι τὴν δεισιδαιμονίαν, ατρέμα καὶ τὸν Κάσσιον αὐτὸν ὑποφέρουσαν ἐκ τῶν Ἐπικούρου λόγων, τοὺς δὲ στρατιώτας παν. τάπασι δεδουλωμένην.

C. 40. Καὶ Βρούτος μὲν ἐν ἐλπίσι καλαῖς καὶ λογισμοῖς φιλοσόφοις γενόμενος παρὰ τὸ δεῖπνον ἀνεπαύετο. Κάσσιον δὲ Μεσσάλας φησὶ δειπνεῖν

* Cf. Plut. Cæs. 69 bei Abydos. cum inlato lumine ex more aliqua secum et quæ esset interrogata, tuus," inquit, evanuit.

Br. 26: When they raised their camp, there came two eagles that, flying with a marvellous force, lighted upon two of the foremost ensigns, and always followed the soldiers, which gave them meat and fed them, until they came near to the city of Philippes: and there, one day only before the battle, they both flew away.

Br. 27: And yet further, there was seen a marvellous number of fowls of prey, that feed upon dead carcases and bee-hives also were found, where bees were gathered together in a certain place within the trenches of the camp: the which place the soothsayers thought good to shut out of the precinct of the camp, for to take away the superstitious fear and mistrust men would have of it. The which began somewhat to alter Cassius' mind from Epicurus' opinions, and had put the soldiers also in a marvellous fear.

Thereupon it was presently determined they should fight battle the next day. So Brutus all suppertime looked with a cheerful countenance, like a man that had good hope, and talked very wisely of philosophy, and after supper went

τε καθ' ἑαυτὸν ὀλίγοὺς τῶν συνήθων παραλαβόντα καὶ σύννουν ὁρᾶσθαι καὶ σιωπηλόν, οὐ φύσει τοιοῦτον ὄντα παυσαμένου δὲ τοῦ δείπνου, λαβόμενον τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ σφόδρα, τοσοῦτον εἰπεῖν, ὥσπερ εἰώθει φιλοφρονούμενος, Ἑλληνικῇ φωνῇ· «Μαρτύρομαι σε, Μεσσάλα, ταὐτὰ Πομπηίῳ Μάγνῳ πάσχειν, ἀναγκαζόμενος διὰ μιᾶς μάχης ἀναῤῥίψαι τὸν περὶ τῆς πατρίδος κύβον. Ἀγαθὴν μέντοι ψυχὴν ἔχομεν, εἰς τὴν τύχην ἀφοφῶντες· ᾖ, καν βουλευσώμεθα κακώς, ἀπιστεῖν οὐ δίκαιον. Ταῦτα εἰπόντα, φησὶν ὁ Μεσσάλας, τελευταῖα πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀσπάσασθαι τὸν Κάσσιον· εἶναι δὲ κεκλημένον εἰς τὴν ὑστεραίαν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, γενέθλιον οὖσαν. Αμα δ' ἡμέρα προὔκειτο μὲν τῷ Βρού του χάρακι καὶ τῷ Κασσίου σύμβου λον ἀγώνος, φοινικούς χιτών· αὐτοὶ δὲ συνῆλθον εἰς τὸ μέσον τῶν στρατοπέδων, καὶ λέγει Κάσσιος Εύη μέν, ὦ Βροῦτε, νικᾶν καὶ συνεῖναι τὸν πάντα χρόνον ἀλλήλοις εὖ πράξαντας· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων ἀδηλότατα, καὶ τῆς μάχης παρὰ γνώμην κριθείσης, οὐ ῥᾴδιον αὖθις ἀλλήλους ἰδεῖν, τί γινώσκεις περὶ φυγῆς καὶ τελευτῆς; Καὶ ὁ Βρούτος ἀπεκρίνατο· »Νέος ὢν ἐγώ, Κάσσιε, καὶ πραγμάτων ἄπειρος, οὐκ οἶδ', ὅπως ἐν φιλουςφία λόγον ἀφῆκα μέγαν. Ηιτιασάμην Κάτωνα διαχρησάμενον ἑαυτὸν ὡς οὐχ ὅσιον οὐδ ̓ ἀνδρὸς ἔργον ὄν, ὑποχωρεῖν τῷ δαίμονι, καὶ μὴ δέ χεσθαι τὸ συμπίπτον ἀδεῶς ἀλλ' ἀποδιδράσκειν. Νυνὶ δ' ἀλλοῖος ἐν

to bed. But touching Cassius, Messala reporteth, that he supped by himself in his tent with a few of his friends, and that all supper-time he looked very sadly, and was full of thoughts, although it was against his nature: and that after supper he took him by the hand, and holding him fast (in token of kindness, as his manner was) told him in Greek: Messala, I protest unto thee, and make thee my witness, that I am compelled against my mind and will (as Pompey the Great was) to jeopard the liberty of our country to the hazard of a battle. And yet we must be lively and of good courage, considering our good fortune, whom we should wrong too much to mistrust her, although we follow evil counsel." Messala writeth that Cassius having spoken these last words unto him, he bade him farewell, and willed him to come to supper to him the next night following, because it was his birthday. The next morning by break of day the signal of battle was set out in Brutus' and Cassius' camp, which was an arming scarlet coat, and both the chieftains spake together in the midst of their armies. There Cassius began to speak first, and said: The gods grant us, Brutus, that this day we may win the field, and ever after to live all the rest of our life quietly, one with another. But sith the gods have so ordained it, that the greatest and chiefest things amongst men are most uncertain, and that, if the battle fall out otherwise to-day than we wish or look for, we shall hardly meet again, what art thou then determined to do to fly or die?" Brutus answered him: „Being yet but a young man, and not overgreatly experienced in the world, I trust, I know not how, a certain rule of philosophy, by the which I did greatly blame and reprove Cato for killing himself, as being no lawful nor godly act touching the gods, nor concerning men valiant, not to give place and yield to Divine Providence, and not constantly and patiently to take whatsoever

ταῖς τύχαις γίνομαι· καὶ θεοῦ καλῶς τὰ παρόντα μὴ βραβεύσαντος, οὐ δέομαι πάλιν ἄλλας ἐλπίδας ἐξελέγ χειν καὶ παρασκευάς, ἀλλ' ἀπαλλάξομαι τὴν τύχην ἐπαινῶν, ὅτι Μαρτίαις εἰδοῖς δοὺς τῇ πατρίδι τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ βίον, ἄλλον ἔζησα δι' ἐκείνην ἐλεύθερον καὶ ἔνδοξον. Ἐπὶ τούτοις Κάσσιος ἐμειδίασε καὶ τὸν Βρού τον ἀσπασάμενος, „Ταῦτα, ἔφη, φρονοῦντες, ἴωμεν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους. Η γὰρ νικήσομεν, ἢ νικῶντας οὐ φοβηθησόμεθα. (Cf. Val. M. 6, 4. 5.)

it pleaseth him to send us, but to draw back and fly: but being_now in the midst of the danger I am of a contrary mind; for if it be not the will of God that this battle fall out fortunate for us, I will look no more for hope, neither seek to make any new supply for war again, but will rid me of this miserable world, and content me with my fortune; for I gave up my life for my country in the Ides of March, for the which I shall live in another more glorious world. Cassius fell a-laughing to hear what he said, and, embracing him: Come on then, said he, let us go and charge our enemies with this mind; for either we shall conquer or we shall not need to fear the conquerors.* After this talk they fell to consultation among their friends for the ordering of the battle.

Plut. Brut. 43: Ἐπέπρακτο δ' οὕτω τὰ κατὰ Κάσσιον. Οὔτε τὴν πρώτ την ἐκδρομὴν τῶν περὶ Βρούτον ἡδέως εἶδεν, ἄνευ συνθήματος καὶ προστάγματος γενομένην· οὔθ' ὅτι κρατοῦντες εὐθὺς ὥρμησαν ἐφ ̓ ἁρπα γὴν καὶ ὠφέλειαν, τοῦ περιδέναι καὶ κυκλοῦσθαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμελήσαντες, ἤρεσκεν αὐτῷ τὰ πραττόμενα. Μελλήσει δέ τινι καὶ διατριβή μαλ λον ἢ προθυμία καὶ λογισμῷ στρα τηγῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ δεξιοῦ τῶν πολεμίων περιελαμβάνετο· καὶ τῶν ἱππέων εὐθὺς ἀποῤῥαγέντων φυγῇ πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὁρῶν καὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐνδιδόντας, ἐπειρᾶτο κατέχειν καὶ παρακαλεῖν. Ἑνὸς δὲ σημειοφόρου φεύγοντος, ἀφαρπάσας τὸ σημεῖον ἔπηξε πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν μηδὲ τῶν περὶ τὸ σώμα τεταγμένων αὐτοῦ προθύμως ἔτι συμμενόντων. Οὕτω δὴ βιασθεὶς

Br. 28: Brutus appointed a number of men to keep the camp of his enemy which he had taken, and caused his men to be sent for that yet followed the chase, and gathered them together, thinking to lead them to aid Cassius, who was in this state as you shall hear. First of all, he was marvellous angry to see how Brutus' men ran to give charge upon their enemies, and tarried not for the word of the battle, nor commandment to give charge: and it grieved him beside, that after he had overcome them, his men fell straight to spoil, and were not careful to compass in the rest of the enemies behind: but with tarrying too long also, more than through the valiantness or foresight of the captains his enemies, Cassius found himself com. passed in with the right wing of his enemy's army. Whereupon his horsemen brake immediately, and fled for life towards the sea. Furthermore perceiving his footmen to give ground, he did what he could to keep them from flying, and took an ensign from one of the ensignbearers that fled, and stuck it fast

ἀνεχώρησε μετ' ὀλίγων ἐπὶ λόφον ἔχοντα πρὸς τὸ πεδίον σκοπάς. Αλλ' αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδὲν κατεῖδεν, ἢ μόλις τὸν χάρακα πορθούμενον· ἦν γὰρ ἀσθενής τὴν ὄψιν. Οἱ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ἱππεῖς ἑώρων πολλοὶ προσελαύνοντας, οὓς ὁ Βροῦτος ἔπεμψεν. Εἴκασε δ ̓ ὁ Κάσσιος πολεμίους εἶναι, καὶ διώκειν ἐπ' αὐτ τόν. Ὅμως δὲ τῶν παρόντων ἕνα, Τιτίννιον, ἀπέστειλε κατοψόμενον. Οὗτος οὐκ ἔλαθε τοὺς ἱππέας προσιών, ἀλλ' ὡς εἶδον ἄνδρα φίλον, καὶ Κασσίῳ πιστόν, ἀλαλάξαντες ὑφ ̓ ἡδο νῆς, οἱ μὲν συνήθεις ἠσπάζοντό τε καὶ ἐδεξιοῦντο, καταπηδῶντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι περὶ αὐτὸν ἐν κύκλῳ περιελαύνοντες ἅμα παιᾶνι καὶ πατάγῳ διὰ χαρᾶς ἀμετρίαν, τὸ μέγιστον ἀπειργάσαντο κακόν. Ἔδοξε γὰρ ὁ Κάσσιος ἀληθῶς ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἔχεσθαι τὸν Τιτίννιον. Καὶ τοῦτο δὴ φήσας· Φιλοψυχοῦντες ἀνε μείναμεν άνδρα φίλον ἁρπαζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἰδεῖν· ἀπεχώρησεν

εἴς

τινα σκηνὴν ἔρημον, ἕνα τῶν ἀπελευθέρων ἐφελκυσάμενος, Πίνδαρου, ὃν ἐκ τῶν κατὰ Κράσσου άτυ χημάτων ἐπὶ ταύτην εἶχε τὴν ἀνάγκην ὑφ ̓ αὑτοῦ παρεσκευασμένον. Ἀλλὰ Πάρθους μὲν διέφυγε, τότε δὲ τὰς χλαμύδας ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀναγαγών καὶ γυμνώσας τὸν τράχηλον ἀποκόψαι παρέσχεν. Εὑρέθη γὰρ ἡ κεφαλὴ δίχα τοῦ σώματος. Τὸν δὲ Πίνδαρον οὐ δεὶς εἶδεν ἀνθρώπων μετὰ τὸν φόνον· ἐξ οὗ καὶ παρέσχεν ἐνίοις δόξαν ἀνελεῖν τὸν ἄνδρα μὴ κελευσθείς (Val. Μ. 6, 8. 4). Ολίγῳ δ ̓ ὕστερον οἱ ἱππεῖς ἐγένοντο φανεροὶ καὶ Τιτίννιος ἐστε

at his feet: although with much ado he could scant keep his own guard together.

29. So Cassius himself was at length compelled to fly, with a few about him, unto a little hill, from whence they might easily see what was done in all the plain: howbeit Cassius himself saw nothing, for his sight was very bad, saving that he saw (and yet with much ado) how the enemies spoiled his camp before his eyes. He saw also a great troupe of horsemen, whom Brutus sent to aid him, and thought that they were his enemies that followed him: but yet he sent Titinnius, one of them that was with him, to go and know what they were. Brutus' horsemen saw him coming afar off, whom when they knew that he was one of Cassius' chiefest friends, they shouted out for joy; and they that were familiarly acquainted with him lighted from their horses, and went and embraced him. The rest compassed him in round about on horseback, with songs of victory and great rushing of their harness, so that they made all the field ring again for joy. But this marred all. For Cassius, thinking indeed that Titinnius was taken of the enemies, he then spake these words: Desiring too much to live, I have lived to see one of my best friends taken, for my sake, before my face." After that, he got into a tent where nobody was, and took Pindarus with hime, one of his bondsmen whom he reserved ever for such a pinch, since the cursed battle of the Parthians, where Crassus was slain, though he notwithstanding scaped from that overthrow: but then, casting his cloak over his head, and holding out his bare neck unto Pindarus, he gave him his head to be stricken off. So the head was found severed from the body: but after that time Pindarus was never seen more. Whereupon some took occasion to say that he had slain his master without his commandment. By and by they knew the horsemen that came towards them, and might see Titinnius crowned with a garland