been 86 commitments for this against 22 for breach of the peace the next most prominent offense. There were 16 for burglary, 14 for trespassing on railroad cars, seven for truancy, and six each for idleness and vagrancy.

Among girls waywardness was responsible for every commitment.

There was only one girl rearrested while on probation during the year, but there were 16 boys corraled under such conditions.

What was the age at which most of the boys were brought in, you ask? Mr. Leyerzapf has compiled a very interesting table showing that most of the boys fell into the toils at the age of 15, the number being 32. At 14 there were 28, at 16 there were 25 and at 12 there were 23. 15 was also the age at which most of the girls fell.

Another table, which follows, shows the loss of parents or trouble between them to be the apparent cause of percentage of many boys and girls going wrong.

Miss Harriet Fulmer.

(c) Salaries of Visiting Nurses.

sion.

Boys returned to homes outside of city.. Men returned to homes outside of city.

(b) Visiting Nurses and the Housing Problem.

(d) National Seal for Visiting Nurse Associations. (e) Uniform for Visiting Nurses.

All who are interested are asked to join in the discus

"BOY WANTED."

People laughed when they saw the sign again. It seemed to be always in Mr. Peters' window. For a day or two-sometimes only for an hour or two-it would be missing, and passers by would wonder whether Mr. Peters had at last found a boy to suit him; but sooner or later it was sure to appear again.

What sort of a boy does he want, anyway? one and another would ask; and then they would say to one another that they supposed he was looking for a perfect boy; and in their opinion, he would look a great while before he found one. Not that there were not plenty of boys-as many as a dozen used sometimes to appear in the course of a morning, trying for the situation. Mr. Peters was said to be rich and queer, and for oneorboth of these reasons, boys were anxious to try to suit him.

All he wants is for a fellow to run on errands; it must be easy work and sure pay-this was the way they talked to one another; but Mr. Peters wanted something more than a boy to run errands. John Simmons found it out, and this is the way he did it. He had been engaged that very morning, and had been kept busy all the forenoon at pleasant enough work; and although he was a lazy fellow, he rather enjoyed the place.

It was toward the middle of the afternoon that he was sent up to the attic, a dark, dingy place, inhabited by mice and cobwebs.

You will find a long, deep box there, said Mr. Peters, which I want to have put in order. It stands right in the middle of the room-you can't miss it.

John looked doleful. A long, deep box! I should think it was! he said to himself, as the attic door closed after him. It will weigh a ton, I guess; and what is there in it? Nothing in the world but old nails and screws, and pieces of iron, and broken keys, and things-rubbish, the whole of it. Nothing worth touching. And it is as dark as a pocket up here, and cold besides. How the wind blows in through these knot holes! There's a mouse! If there is anything I hate, it's mice! I'll tell you what it is, if old Peters thinks I'm going to stay up here and tumble over his rusty nails, he's much mistaken. I wasn't hired for that kind of work.

Whereupon John bounced down the attic stairs three at a time, and was found lounging in the show window an hour afterwards when Mr. Peters appeared.

Have you put the box in order already? Was the gentleman's question.

I didn't find anything to put in order; there was thing in it but old nails and things.

no

Exactly. It was the nails and things that I wanted put in order. Did you do it?

No, sir, it was dark up there and cold; and I didn't see anything worth doing. Besides, I thought I was hired to run errands.

Oh, said Mr. Peters, I thought you were hired to do as you were told.

But he smiled pleasantly enough and at once gave John an errand to go downtown; and the boy went off chuckling, declaring to himself that he knew how to manage the old man; all it needed was a little standing up for his rights.

Precisely at six o'clock John was called and paid the sum promised him for a day's work; and then, to his dismay, was told that his services would not be needed any more. He asked no questions. Indeed, he had time for none, as Mr. Peters immediately closed the door.

The next morning the old sign, "Boy Wanted," appeared in its usual place.

But before noon it was taken down and Charlie Jones was the fortunate boy. Errands-plenty of them! He was kept busy until within an hour of closing. Then, behold!he was sent up to the attic to put the long box in order. He was not afraid of a mouse nor of the cold, but he grumbled much over the box. Nothing in it worthy of his attention. However, he tumbled over the things, grumbling all the time, picked out a few straight nails, a key or two and finally appeared with this message:

Here's all there is worth keeping in that box. The rest of the nails are rusty, and the hooks are bent or something. Very well, said Mr. Peters, and he sent him to the post office. What do you think! By the close of the next day Charlie had been paid and discharged, and the old sign hung in the window.

I've no kind of a notion why I was discharged, grumbled Charlie to his mother. He said that I wouldn't suit. It's my opinion that he doesn't want a boy at all, and takes that way to cheat. Mean old fellow!

It was Crawford Mills who was hired next. He knew neither of the other boys, and so did his errands in blissful ignorance of the long box until the second morning of his stay, when, in a leisure hour he was sent to put it in order. The morning passed, dinner time came, and still Crawford had not appeared from the attic. At last Mr. Peters called him, Got through?

No, sir, there is ever so much more to do.

All right. It is dinner time now. You may go back to it after dinner. After dinner he went back. All the short afternoon he was not heard from, but just as Mr. Peters was deciding to call him again he appeared.

I've done my best, sir, he said, and down at the very bottom of the box I found this.

"This" was a five dollar goldpiece.

That's a queer place for gold, said Mr. Peters. It's good you found it. Well, sir, I suppose you will be on hand tomorrow morning?

This he said as he was putting the goldpiece in his pocketbook.

After Crawford had said goodnight and gone, Mr. Peters took the lantern and went slowly up the attic stairs. There was the long, deep box in which the rubbish of twenty-five years had gathered. Crawford had evidently been to the bottom. He had fitted shingles to make compartments, and in these different rooms he had placed the articles with bits of shingle laid on top, and labelled thus: Good screws. Picture Nails. Small Keys, Somewhat Bent. Picture Hooks. Pieces of Iron whose use I don't know. And so on through the long box. In perfect order it was at least, and very little that really could be called useful could be found within it.

But Mr. Peters, as he bent over and read the labels, laughed gleefully, and murmured to the mice: If we are not both mistaken, I have found a boy; and he has found a fortune.

Sure enough, the sign disappeared from the window, and was seen no more.

Crawford became the well-known errand boy of the firm of Peters & Co. He had a little room neatly fitted up next to the attic, where he spent the evenings, and at the foot of the bed hangs a motto which Mr. Peters gave him. It tells your fortune for you, don't forget it, he said, when he handed it to Crawford; and the boy laughed and read it curiously: "He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful in much." I'll try to be, sir; and he never once thought of the long box over which he had been faithful. All this happened years ago. Crawford Mills is errand boy no more, but the firm is Peters, Mills & Co. a young man and a rich man.

He found his fortune in the long box of rubbish, Mr. Peters said once, laughing. Never was a five dollar goldpiece so successful in business as that one of his has been; it is good he found it.

Then, after a moment of silence, he said, gravely: No, he didn't; he found it in his mother's Bible: "He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much." It is true; Mills the boy was faithful, and Mills the man we trust. Ex.

JUVENILE COURT RECORD

T. D. HURLEY, Editor.

79 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Hon. B. B. Lindsey, Judge Juvenile Court, Denver, Colorado. Thomas D. Walsh, Asst. Secretary, New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 297 4th Ave., New York.

J. L. Clark, Business Manager, 79 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. Eastern Office, 53 W. 24th Street, New York City. Boston Office, 71 Kilby Street, Boston, Mass.

The Juvenile Court Record is published monthly except in the month of July. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription price, $1 per year. Entered at Postoffice, Chicago, as secondclass matter.

New Subscriptions can commence with current number. Change of Address.-Always give both your old and your new address when you ask us to change.

Payments for the Paper, when sent by mail, should be made in a postoffice money order, bank check or draft, or an express money order. When neither of these can be procured, send 2-cent United States postage stamps; only this kind can be received.

Letters should be addressed and checks and drafts made payable to Juvenile Court Record, 79 Dearborn St., Chicago. Advertising Rates made known on application.

An unfortunate misprint occurred in the February number of the Juvenile Court Record in the annual report of E. Fellows Jenkins to the Justice of the Court of Special Sessions in Sessions in New York. As printed, the report shows that the average percentage of reformations for the year was thirty-eight per cent. This should have read eighty-eight per cent. The same error occurs in the editorial mention of the report. We are very sorry that this error occurred as it is misleading and does not in any way show the great and effective work that is being performed by the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, of which Mr. Jenkins is the able Superintendent.

The Juvenile Court Record has been very fortunate as this is the first error that has been called to our

supplied under and through the loving care of the Visiting Nurse. While all the charity societies are accomplishing much good we feel that the Visiting Nurses Association is entitled to special recognition. We hope that the coming Conference will prove successful.

INSTITUTIONAL VISITATION.

One of the most beneficial features of the Juvenile Court is that section of the law which provides that all institutions shall be visited regularly by a committee appointed by the Juvenile Court. Officers and managers of institutions are liable to become careless and indifferent to the actual care and treatment accorded the inmates of their particular institution. So long as no complaint is lodged with the Superintendent, no special inquiry is made as to the treatment of the children by the attendant in immediate charge of them. Even though complaint is made it is quite natural that the superior officers will accept the word of the attendant rather than the child. The child having caused the trouble which resulted in his punishment is usually in bad standing with his immediate officer who will in all probability give a severe account of the child's actions.

The Trustees or Directors of the various institutions as a rule depend in a great measure on the report of the General Superintendent. The Trustees are usually engaged in other avocations and cannot give that time and attention to the institution which they should.

In case rumor of mismanagement or bad treatment of the inmates in the institution reach the Trustees, the Superintendent will at once as a rule do all in his power to circumvent any investigating committtee from becoming acquainted with the real state of affairs. Superintendents and officers of institutions if they are qualified for their positions, will at all times court visitation and investigation by properly accredited committees. In case conditions are not right the Superintendent should be only too pleased to ascertain the facts and proceed at once to right the same. favorable report by an intelligent committee is one of the best things that can happen. It serves to attract favorable attention from the charitably disposed

A

of the paper.

We call attention to the notice appearing on page six of this issue of the Conference of the Visiting Nurses' Association which is to be held in Chicago beginning Saturday, April the 25th. The Visiting Nurses' Association is recognized as one of the greatest and most effective charity organizations in the field of philanthropy. The entire family and through the family, the Community at large, is benefited by keeping the patient in the home and having their wants.

hearty support being accorded the institution. It has been well said that every institution for the dependents should be surrounded with glass walls so that the entire public may at all times have a full view of the entire institution, its care and management of the inmates.

We publish in this issue a report from the State Visitor on St. Mary's Training School for Boys at Desplaines, Illinois. This report shows the great good that is being accomplished in this institution by the managers and will redound to the credit of the institution.

ST. MARY'S TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BOYS,

DESPLAINES, ILL.

In a cosmopolitan city like Chicago many heads of families find it impossible to bestow upon their children the care and education which humanity and the law demand. The homes of the poor, in many instances destitute of home comforts, with a moral atmosphere conducive to viciousness, become, in the long run, hot-beds of crime and vice.

In placing children where they may be properly educated and trained and where they may learn how to become law-abiding citizens, the Juvenile Court has many points to take into consideration. In the first place they should be sent to some school especially adapted to their needs. This school ought not to be in any sense of the word a prison. There should be no restraining fences or walls, nor locks and bolts on cell doors, but manliness should be developed by the exercise of self-restraint. The school should not be located in the city. On the contrary, it should be situated in the country, in a picturesque location, surrounded by hills and valleys, pleasant groves and broad fields, through which flow clear streams of water-where the poor boys may see the sun rise in the east in his red beauty and set in the west in a glorious mist—where there are cattle and horses and growing crops, and all out-doors to develop in. Such a school is St. Mary's Training School at Desplaines, Cook County, Illinois.

St. Mary's Training School was founded in 1882. It is located 2 miles from the village of Desplaines, Illinois, upor. a beautiful farm of 900 acres of pasture and cultivated grounds, forest and orchards. Flowing almost entirely around the grounds of the Institution is the Desplaines river. Here the boys from the school swim and fish in summer and skate in the winter time.

From year to year additions were added until the present, when the institution is in a particularly flourishing condition. Wild brush and moorland has given place to pasture and meadows. Additions have been added to the buildings from time to time until the institution is almost perfect in its operations, and moreover, is large enough to accommodate any who came knocking at its doors for admission. Its farm, poultry yards and cattle yards furnish work for eager young hands to do and the printing shop, bakery, tailor shop, shoe shop, carpenter shop and laundry are in full operation and are veritable beehives of industry. During the year 1907, 824 boys were cared for by the Institution. These boys are employed in the different departments of the training school, working half a day and attending school the other half of the day; the smaller boys attending school all day.

Recently the institution has been enlarged by the addition of buildings for dormitories and school purposes costing in the aggregate some Six Hundred Thousand Dollars. It is contemplated to increase the capacity of the institution so as to be able to accommodate 800 dependent boys. At the present time, there are 448 boys in the institution.

Confirmation was administered in the institution on March the 19th, 143 boys being confirmed by Archbishop Quigley. The Editor of the Juvenile Court Record having sent the boys to the Institution through the agency of the Visitation and Aid Society, stood sponsor for each boy. The institution for the past six months has been under the charge and management of the Sisters of Mercy. The institution has never been self-supporting and the annual deficit, always large, has been met by the Archbishop.

The Officers are: John A. Lynch, President. J. Butler, Secretary. Directors: Most Rev. James E. Quigley,

D.D., William A. Amberg, Michael Cudahy, A. J. Graham, D. F. Bremner and John A. Lynch.

The following report by the State Visitor of Illinois whose duty it is to pass on all institutions receiving children through any court of the State, is very commendable to the institution.

INSPECTION OF ST. MARY'S TRAINING SCHOOL, Desplaines, Cook County, Illinois.

I inspected the above institution, February 14th, 1908, and find that conditions have been much improved since my previous inspection. The buildings then in process of erection have been completed and is now a model institution. They are built of red pressed brick and are said to be fire-proof. The stairs are all metal and the floors of the hall-ways are made of a patent composition, resembling granitoid. The whole structure appears to have been erected looking to comfort, convenience, durability and good sanitation and no expense has been spared to accomplish these ends.

School is in session every day in the year and graded from the first to the eight grades. The younger boys are required to attend all day, and the older ones half-day sessions. I visited all the rooms and talked to the boys. I found them well clothed and to all appearances contented. A Sister is in charge of each room and manifested great interest in her pupils.

The dormitories, four in number, viz.: St. Aloysius. Holy Angels, St. Mary of the Plaines and St. Joseph's, accomodate 99, 100, 100 and 101 respectively, making a total of 400 beds. Two competent women, attendants, are in charge of these four dormitories. The beds were clean and well supplied with clothing. A Sister sleeps in a room adjoining each dormitory, and a man, watchman, makes the rounds of the dormitories and buildings every 45 minutes. There is a toilet room in each dormitory and a wash room furnished with both hot and cold running water for each floor and adjacent to the dormitories. It has been found that this appliance has lessened the possibility of the spread of skin disease among the inmates.

The kitchen on the first floor is equipped with a large 6 section range, three large roasters, two large soup kettles and three steam cookers, all of the latest pattern. The chef is a young man practically raised in the institution and thoroughly conversant with the duties devolving upon him. Adjacent to the kitchen is the cold storage plant furnished with ammonia coils, (no ice used), the temperature of which ranges from 32 to 50 degrees. This storage is well supplied with fresh and pickled meats. An ice plant has been installed and one ton of ice is made each day during the summer for cooling purposes. All water for drinking purposes during the summer is condensed and cooled.

The building and premises are furnished with water from an artesian well, and that furnished for cooking and drinking purposes is transmitted by direct pressure through two pipes.

The fire protection is excellent. Besides the direct pressure from three pumps, 16, 10, and 6 horse power respectively, there are four tanks, two of which hold 100,000 gallons each and two 10,000 gallons each, the former being erected upon high towers on the premises, and the latter in the attics of the buildings. The buildings are furnished with 3,800 feet of 2 and 21⁄2 in. Hose and 11 fire plugs and 58 connections outside.

The buildings are heated by hot water and steam furnished by a thoroughly equipped plant in the new building.

The laundry is equipped with new and modern machinery, consisting of four washing machines, centrifugal wringer, mangle and driers. The institution manufactures all soap used in the laundry. I was informed that 12,000 pieces were washed each week. There was a Sister in charge of this department, the boys doing most of the work under her direction.

All bread, pies, etc., used are baked in the institution bakery and Pillsbury flour is used exclusively.

On the day of the inspection 415 boys were seated in the dining room and there was room, probably, for 250 more. This room was in charge of Sister M. Berenice, who looked after the discipline of the boys, and saw that all were well fed. The discipline was excellent and food plentiful and of good quality.

The dinner consisted of meat, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, bread and often butter. Water was used as a beverage.

The breakfast consisted of cereals with milk and sugar, milk and bread and butter and cereal coffee.

The supper: Bread, milk and tea, syrup, jelly or preserves and ginger bread. This diet is varied from time to time.

Bathing facilities are good. Tubs and showers are used, and each boy is required to bathe once a week. 900 Turkish bath towels were purchased recently for the use of the boys.

The farm consists of 980 acres of good land. All vegetables, all meat, including mutton, beef, pork and poultry are raised on this farm. Meat is slaughtered fresh each week. All of the eggs, milk and most of the butter is furnished by the farm.

The staff consists of Mother Superior, Sister M. Borromeo; Sister M. Agatha, Secretary; Rev. Edward Cryne, Chaplain; 14 Sisters; 9 other women helpers and 11 men for various duties.

There were 465 boys in the school at this date, 325 of whom were from Cook County. There is room in the school for double the number.

The Villa south of the main buildings consists of reception room, Bishop's Chamber, office and infirmary. All new arrivals are placed in the detention hospital (quarantined for ten days or longer), and then placed in their respective wards. Dr. Earle of Desplaines responds to calls night and day.

The hospital contains two dormitories of 35 beds dietary kitchen, dining room and operating room. A nurse is in charge. She reported but one death last year, and that was from valvular heart trouble. There were but two sick at the time of this visit.

The records of the institution are faithfully kept, both card and book system being in use.

All forms of punishment have been taken out of the hands of the "prefects" and are administered by the Mother Superior only.

'Not so many boys have been placed in family homes recently, as have been at former times, but inspection in the homes of children so placed, by my assistants in their visitation work, shows marked improvement in the character of the homes and the supervision of boys placed out. Respectfully submitted,

PROBATION SYSTEM WORKING well. Edwin Mulready of Rockland, Mass., probation officer of the Superior Court and one of the new trustees of the Foxboro State Hospital, was a speaker in the Boston Young Men's Christian Union's course of Sunday evening addresses on "Character and Citizenship." Mr. Mulready's topic was "The Other Side," and in very pleasing manner he told of the lessons that might be learned, and the good work that might be accomplished toward the development of character and better citizenship if our people would only more carefully study and more thoroughly interest themselves in the misguided and unfortunate, commonly called "the criminal class."

In referring to the hereditary taint which is often given as a cause of so much crime, Mr. Mulready said that in his opinion as a cause of crime, far above the hereditary taint was the teaching of false principles, and that the criminals as a class could not be said to be uneducated, but rather educated on false principles. He spoke particularly of the splendid work that has been done in Massachusetts in the care of the criminal and dependent class, and in this connection said that the standard of a community may be measured by the care it takes of its dependent and criminal classes.

Speaking of severity of punishment as a preventive of crime, Mr. Mulready said that history teaches that the more people are punished, the more they commit crimes. All forms of punishment lead to the demoralization of the punishers. He did not agree with President Roosevelt that in the punishment of certain crimes it may be desirable to return to the use of the whipping post. If this were done, Mr. Mulready said, he felt that the whippers would soon become worse than the whipped. He spoke very enthusiastically and encouragingly of the work accomplished by probation. He said that of 247 cases, omitting inebriates, but otherwise taken in regular order from the cases assigned to him, he was able to report at the end of the year that ninety-two per cent were doing well and showed such improvement that he recommended discharge from probation.

A CONTINENT WITHOUT AN ORPHAN ASYLUM OR AN ORPHAN.

To the Editor: I have just finished reading with unusual interest a little book of one hundred and fifty pages by Catherine Helen Spence on the "State Children in Australia." This little narrative gives an account of the history of the care of the destitute children in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. It is written by one of the pioneers in the abolition of orphanages and other means of exploiting destitute children. Since my first acquaintance with this wonderful work in saving children which came through its presentation at the World's Congress in 1893, I have repeatedly presented the subject in the medical journals, incorporating as the motive the figures of the annual reports of the Children's Council of South Australia.

There is no such thing as an orphan in Australia because the Children's Council becomes at once father and mother to the destitute child. He is taken by the police officer to the home of some respectable and experienced woman who at once furnishes the necessary care, food and shelter, and obtains as complete a history as possible. In a day or two the officer and the woman, who acts as agent for the Children's Council, take the child to the children's court, where all the information is made a matter of record and the child is legally committed to the care of the Chil