journals. We need a school for training humane workers. With adequate financial assistance these will come. But we need most of all the underlying spirit of mutual helpfulness and co-operation which causes local societies to live, not for themselves alone, but for the common cause, and to labor earnestly for mutual success and advancement. Last year that great scholar, Professor Harnack, delivered an epoch-making address on the Kaiser's birthday, before the University of Berlin, on the religious situation in Germany. He demanded a unity in the church "as wide as human life and as deep as human needs," because unity is the greatest forward propelling power in the world. we need unity for the same reason.

And

One of the most subtle intellects in this country, Secretary of State Elihu Root, after reading Professor Harnack's address, wrote as follows: "I am coming to think that capacity for united effort to accomplish any object of primary importance, as distinguished from strife over formal or comparatively unimportant differences, depends upon the stage of development in civilization which the people or the members of any great organization have reached." He then illustrates the reason for this opinion by saying: "Every great nations seems at some period to pass through a storm belt or incapacity to unite. The races that are capable of development beyond that point rule the world. Those that are not capable of it, go down. The Greek cities were able to combine just so far and no farther, and accordingly they went down before races of much inferior intellectual power." Why should not we more thoroughly and effectively unite for better progress, and as a solemn duty eliminate apathy and indifference in this direction. Our crusade has been too desultory and unsystematic.

If we study the humane situation attentively we shall find that while there has usually been a great deal of sentiment, it has too frequently been associated with poor methods, spasmodic efforts and no definitely defined policy. Furthermore, it is simply impossible to accomplish the larger degree of success without trained, paid humane workers, or some self-sacrificing volunteer who gives up everything else for the good cause. Even then, without the training, results are commonly most uncertain. Local humane efforts have, at times, been Quixotic and have not always commanded the confidence or support of either the judiciary or of the general public. This should be regarded as our fault, not theirs. It is, of course, necessary to be well meaning and to have a settled purpose to do good. It is desirable to be enthusiastic, but we need other qualities in order to win real and permanent success. There must also be a reasonable treatment of cases, associated with good judgment and genuine kindness of heart. Not infrequently I have known anti-cruelists to do things which were actually hysterical and most plainly unwise. I would not be unjust to anyone, but when inquiring into the causes of failure in humane work all should not be attributed to public indifference or unfair antagonism. Our self-analysis should be, above all things, strictly honest and unsparingly just.

If we study conditions surrounding average anti-cruelty organizations in the United States, which make either for success or failure, we shall usually find,

First. A public sentiment friendly to a reasonably effective work, especially as far as the better class of citizens are concerned.

Second. That one or two devoted enthusiasts do all the work of supervising and financing the society. If the society is small they usually also add the further duties of all inspection and correction.

Third. That indifferent financial support is commonly due

mainly to poor methods and inadequate results, or to lack of system and persistence in soliciting funds.

Fourth. That the members most interested in this work are, at times, impracticable though earnest persons, who are indifferent to reasonable legal requirements in enforcing laws, and who show poor judgment and neglect ordinary business principles. These are the most common cases of failure.

Fifth. That the societies which are most successful usually have well-trained, paid employees, and a management persistent, energetic and aggressive in raising money, which is also constantly devising new expedients for this end.

Sixth. That the matter of hostile justices or magistrates is a mere incident in the history of an anti-cruelty organization. If the work is properly and regularly conducted, even at the sacrifice of somebody's time and private interests, it will surely win popular approval, and the magistrates will fall into line or make way for better men.

Without any doubt the most important individual work which can engage the anti-cruelty world to-day is humane education and a campaign for its introduction into our schools everywhere. By humane education we simply mean that the heart shall be cultivated as well as the mind. Brain culture will make bright citizens, sharp merchants, keen business men, and possibly rogues and accomplished scoundrels. We wish to have children taught their moral obligations and duties, particularly toward those who are more helpless than themselves.

Last September an International Congress met in London to discuss the problems of moral education in schools. Seventeen nations, including the United States, were officially represented. Nothing is more patent to-day than that knowledge must go hand in hand with service, and that service must be sympathetic and kind to be most useful. One cannot justify education to-day except in terms of social welfare, and one cannot go far in the promotion of social welfare except through moral and humane education. There has been something wrong, radically wrong, with our educational system as now evolved. The methods and machinery have wonderfully improved. The technique has vastly bettered. But the humane product has not improved in essential respects. Indeed, our graduates are not stronger-minded, clearer-headed or farther visioned than their predecessors under the old methods. Who will say that they are higher-souled or have nobler ideals? Have we not forgotten the man in our devotion to the thing? We wish men of heart and honor, who are devoted not merely to material triumphs of life, but who have learned to value tenderness and consideration, mercy and justice, to every living fellow-creature. We wish the human product of our times to say, with D'Israeli "I am on the side of the angels."

The minds of humanitarians have been active in devising new channels of usefulness for both child and beast during the last two or three generations. Avenue after avenue of helpful aid has been opened. The humanitarian of the future will undoubtedly devise other and improved plans. Thus for both children and animals we find the following suggestions, many of which are already well worked out:

Who will say that all these movements, which have followed the first society for the prevention of cruelty to animals into the world, have not given both child and beast a vastly better chance in life in our day?

Richard Martin and Henry Bergh were something more than mere psychoses they were more than mental states in individual experiences. They were incarnations of the moral development of their time. They represented a period in social evolution when the bestial in man was retiring snarling, and when the God-like in human nature was emerging radiant in its grandeur. They represented those aspirations of the race which have been guiding principles since man first began to pray for mercy and justice.

It was said of an eminent American that he "felt human rights more intensely than most men." What we ask of the world is a broader conception of human duty. We ask all men to feel more intensely universal justice, universal compassion and the right of all the children of God to life and happiness. Our forefathers fought for these principles for us, and we, without confession of sentimentality, buoyed by a belief in man's highest and noblest mission, ask for the same rights and the same privileges for all of those who love, and live, and suffer, by and through man.

"Be noble! and the nobleness that lies
In other men, sleeping but never dead,
Will rise in majesty to meet thine own."

The above statistics are necessarily not exact, but serve to convey some idea of the condition of the anticruelty crusade in the United States, of the number of societies, of those which are active, of those which have died out, of the number of employees and voluntary agents, of work accomplished, of endowments and buildings, of the sources and amount of support. The income from various sources and total receipts do not agree in amount for the reason that many societies do not give any information as to financial condition except total receipts and disbursements. These figures represent over 40 years of growth and endeavor.

NEW JUVENILE COURT BILL IN UTAH.

The following are the main features of the new bill introduced before the House of Representatives, Salt Lake City, Utah.

County commissioners of each county of the state of Utah are hereby authorized and empowered to create a juvenile court and appoint the judge and probation officers. Said judge and probation officers shall hold office for the term of two years or until their successors are appointed and qualified; provided, that any officer may be removed by the county commissioners at their discretion. The county commissioners shall have general control and supervision over juvenile court and probation officers including the power of fixing salaries, providing courtrooms and necessary equipment and supplies. The expenses of said juvenile judge and probation officers and the cost of maintaining said court shall be paid out of the general funds of the county.

The juvenile court shall have jurisdiction in all cases throughout the county in all cases relating to the custody, detention of the person, probation, neglect, dependency, delinquency, examination, trial and care of children under 18 years of age; provided, said court shall have no jurisdiction in cases involving the commission of a felony. Proceedings against delinquent children as defined in this chapter shall be commenced by a complaint or sworn statement filed with the said court, which shall in a general way state the facts or acts constituting the juvenile complained of a delinquent. Said proceedings shall be entitled, "State of Utah in the interest of delinquent."

At the conclusion of the hearing, if the juvenile is adjudged to be delinquent, the court shall enter in writing, briefly and concisely, the facts found by him, stating separately and distinctly the facts constituting delinquency and the facts relating to the fitness of the parents, parent, custodian or guardian, which findings, with the judgment rendered thereon, shall be recorded in his docket.

An appeal may be taken from any final judgment of said court by parents, parent, custodian or guardian of said juvenile who has been deprived of its custody, to the district court of the county in the same manner as is now provided by law for taking appeals from judgments of the justice courts; provided, however, that notice of appeal shall be served upon the county attorney and upon the judge of the

court.

The said probation officer shall discharge the following duties:

He shall investigate all cases of alleged delinquency coming to his knowledge.

To make complaint before the court of any case of delinquency coming to his knowledge.

To bring before the court at the time fixed for the hearing any juvenile charged with delinquency.

To serve the notices herein provided to be served. To make an investigation of every case pending before the court and to report to the court whenever required the result of such investigation.

To be present in court to represent the interest of the child when the case is heard.

To furnish the court information and assistance whenever required and to take charge of any child both before and after the hearing, as may be directed by the court.

To exercise a friendly supervision and visitation over the child in accordance with the direction of the court.

Before the 15th day of December of each year the probation officers of each county shall submit to the county commissioners a report in writing showing the number and disposition of delinquent children brought before the courts during the year ending Nov. 30 previous, and such report

shall contain such other useful information regarding such cases as may by them be deemed important or of value, including the facts in connection with the parentage of such children; provided, that the identity of any such child or parent shall not be disclosed in such report.

Probation Work as Conducted at Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Mr. Henry DeLong, Probation Officer of Council Bluffs, in his report to the Board of Supervisors, states that he has, during the year 1908, settled 262 complaints out of court. Of this number 236 were boys and the remaining 26 girls. No record has been kept of the name of these children and all have been sent out with a clean record to begin the battle of Life anew, with the assurance that the past will never be mentioned whether they win or fail in the struggle. In almost every case he states that the parents have been at fault, and very few of these boys and girls have been in court a second time.

Mr. DeLong was appointed Probation Officer of his court Aug. 22, 1904, by Judge O. D. Wheeler, and since that date there has been 205 cases before the Court, 164 of which were boys and 41 girls.

Of these, 61 boys were sentenced to Eldora, 20 of these sentences being suspended during good behavior, the boys being required to report to the Probation Officer at stated periods until dismissed.

Of the girls, 17 were sent to Mitchelville, and four of these sentences were suspended, the girls continuing under the surveillance of the Probation Officer. The balance of the cases were dismissed by the Court.

The expense of the Court Cases as per above has been $2655.38. During this time Mr. DeLong has settled out of Court 1027 complaints. The total expense of these cases has been $28.95 for car fare, etc.

Incidently we might state that Mr. DeLong is the oldest settler in Pottawattamie County, Iowa.

At Des Moines, Iowa, on March 23rd, the Probation Officers will hold their First Annual Convention. Officers McFarland and Young are the committee on Program and Publicity.

RAILWAY ADOPTS BOY WHO SAVED A TRAIN.

Adoption by the Pennsylvania Railroad company, one of the largest and the richest of railway corporations in the world, is the fortune of Jared Barker, of Larwill, Ind., 16 years old, son of James Barker, a laborer. The adoption is a reward for bravery.

Young Barker saved the lives of scores of passengers a year ago by averting a wreck of the eighteen-hour flyer near his home.

His parents could not afford the education for which he longed. Now a high school and college course is a certainty, and his chief ambition is to fit himself for employment by the corporation which has befriended him.

Jared is already in his first year of high school work, and is applying himself so studiously that his teachers look upon him as one of the brightest in his classes.

At the end of every month a report of the boy's progress is forwarded to the Pennsylvania railroad headquarters for consideration at the annual meeting of the board of directors, men who breathe millions with every pulse beat, that they may know how deserving their reward "their son" really is. A year ago young Barker discovered a pile of ties on the Pennsylvania track near Larwill, placed there to wreck the Chicago flyer. Unable to remove the obstruction and knowing that wreck would result unless the train was stopped, Jared ran three miles to a flag station, arriving just in time to warn the train crew of danger.

He was taken into the engine and the train proceeded cautiously to the place he had indicated. Here the passengers crowded around the youthful hero, thanked him for saving their lives, and took up a collection of $100, which was given him.

The officials of the Pennsylvania railroad sent special agents to interview the boy. They learned that he was ambitious for an education and to prepare for a profession.

Upon receiving this report the corporation, through its agents, made arrangements to immediatly furnish funds for Barker to go to high school and to have so arranged for his future that he is to fit himself for any business or profession he chooses.-From "Kentucky's Little Citizens."

Two youngsters shambled penitently into the classroom long after the school had opened for the morning session. "Boys come to my desk immediately," said the teacher. The meek little lads walked to the teacher's desk and stood looking helplessly at their feet.

"Tommy, why are you late this morning?" asked the teacher.

"I overslept myself, ma'am," began "Tommy. "You see, teacher, I dreamed I was going to take a railroad trip. I just got to the station when I woke up an' found it was 'way past school time."

"Freddy, why are you late?" inquired the teacher, turning to the other boy.

"Please, ma'am," replied the trembling Freddy, "I went to the station to see Tommy off."-Philadelphia Public Ledger. The teacher asked her scholars for some very long sentenOne boy wrote: "Imprissonment for life."-Driftwood.

ces.

What asked the teacher, does anthracite mean?
That's a kind of coal, said little Willie.

Yes. Anthracite coal is what we call hard coal. So anthracite must mean hard. Now, can you tell me what bituminous means?

That's coal too, Willie replied.

But it isn't the same kind of coal that anthracite is, is it? Bituminous coal is what we commonly refer to as soft coal. Now, Willie, let us see if you can form a sentence containing the words anthracite and bituminous.

Willie thought the matter over for a moment and then said: Here's one: This morning before pa started down town ma wanted $5 for groceries and things, and she tried to get it by saying bituminous words, but pa gave her an anthracite look and when he disappeared around the corner she was weeping bituminously. "Reformatory Record."

HOW THE BOY WAS SAVED. By Judge Lindsey.

Shameful to relate, he was in jail. A strange place for a twelve-year-old boy with a soul and heart.

The jailer had telephoned me one cold wintry night that the boy was in a spasm of crying and had so alarmed him that he urged me to come at once. I grabbed my coat and hat and went out into the night, feeling that the pitiless beat of the sleety rain was ever kinder than a criminal law that condemns little children to crime and iron cells. But this was before the fight against the jail was fought and won. This was before love and firmness had supplanted hatred and degradation.

Behind iron bars that would shame the king tiger of the jungle I found the boy. He was sleeping, and you would have thought that not a care had ever visited that little tousled head with its worn and tear stained face. But he awakened, startled by the grating of iron bolts and bars, and clinking of great keys turning in their solemn, monotonous locks, as the jailer, leaving me alone with the boy, returned from the cell back into the dimly lighted corridor. The boy, frightened at these strange surroundings, looked at his new cell mate at first cautiously-almost fearfully. Then a look of joy and gladness came to his eyes, as might come from the captive at the approach of deliverance. The boy knew me, for he had been a chronic little truant, and there may have been worse things, but they may be left unsaid, for it was the boy, and not the "things" we were trying to redeem,

I sat down in the cell on the iron floor and put my arm around the boy. I told him how much I thought of him, and how I despised the bad things he did. Yet what could I do if he did not help me? I might help him, but I could not carry him; I would always be his friend, but he was getting both himself and me in trouble if he "swiped things," for if I should let him go out and he "swiped things" again, would not the officer say that the judge made a mistake in not sending "that kid to the State Industrial School, where he would not have a chance to swipe things?" Then they would say both the judge and the boy should be in jail. How could he expect a judge keep his job if his boys did such things? He saw the point, and standing upright there in the cell the light in his eyes speaking better than his words, the earnestness of his promise to "stay wid yer, Judge," as he tearfully declared he would never get me into any trouble and we would both keep out of jail.

And so I almost as tearfully accepted his proffered protection, and out of jail we walked together into the now raging storm. And yet, it was no such storm as had raged in that boy's life-a home blighted by a father who had deserted and trodden under foot every vow he took at the marriage altar. And so a father's care, the divine birthright of every child-had been denied him. The boy was not bad. His opportunity had been poor; his environment was bad. I took him home to his mother, a poor, struggling woman deserving of a better fate than to toil all day to feed and clothe her hungry children. A child with no father and a mother, however noble, who under such handicaps and difficulties tries to perform the functions of both, generally fails to perform that of either. Is it a wonder then that the child is not "brought up in a way it should go?" Is it the child's fault? If not, why then the jail and degradation?

The boy returned to school. He brought good reports for over two years, and with them he brought joy and gladness. We had, in a poor way, tried to supply what was lacking in his little life, but to do this well a spark had to be struck somewhere, or a heart-string had to be sounded that would respond.

One day his mother came at the end of a weary toilsome day to tell me that Harry was a changed boy. She told me how thoughtful and loving he was and that once when she had been sick he had, with the tenderness of a woman, waited on her and given up all the pleasures of the street. Finally the tears came into her eyes, and she said: "Judge, I never knew just why Harry changed so much till one day while I was ill and he had been so sweet and kind I asked him how it was he became good for the judge, and looking up into my face with a tear in his eye, he said: "Well, mother, you see it's this way, if I ever gits bad, or swipes things again, the judge,-the judge will lose his job-see?— and he is my friend-he is-and I am goin' to stay wid him”.”

It is very gratifying to record, in submitting the first annual report of this department, that the work has met with the hearty approval and co-operation of all classes. What the supervision of truants, juvenile delinquents, boys on parole, and the protection afforded to neglected and destitute children has accomplished, may be gathered from the following pages.

The transformation and reformation effected in the home life and surroundings of a large number of children in this city and Province has astonished those who are in touch with the work.

The results obtained by the strict supervision of juveniles, of the truant and delinquent classes, have been especially good, and this supervision has brought home to the parents of such children in a forcible manner the need of taking a more intelligent and earnest interest in their welfare and has impressed upon them the necessity of knowing with whom their children are associating, and how they spend their time. It has been continually pointed out to parents and children that the work of this department is designed for their highest welfare. The answer to the problem of the child dealt with has been, in the majority of cases, the educating of the parents: In 90 per cent. of the cases the children themselves are not bad, but their environment is, and their parents, especially the fathers, often careless and quite ignorant as to how their children spend their time and with whom they spend it.

Idleness, I should most emphatically say, is the cause of most of the trouble amongst boys and girls; it is not always the truant child that has had to be dealt with, children with fair school attendance have got into trouble as well as those who have been truant. It is how the child spends the time which it looks upon as its own that counts. At least 50 per cent. of the trouble we have with juvenile delinquents would disappear had we a properly supervised system of the public playgrounds.

Some one has said that "Idleness is the father of all crime," and Moreau tells us that "Idleness and vagabondage are almost always, with children, the source of crime." From the large number of records I have studied in this connection, I feel quite safe in saying that at least 80 per cent. of crime committed by juveniles and young men is directly traceable to idleness. Apropos of the above, the following table compiled by the celebrated criminologist, Ferriani, is of interest:

healthy animal, and he can become a healthy animal in one way only, by having plenty of excercise in the open air. I do not think it necessary to further emphasize the absurdity of depriving the city child of his chief occupation, and then expressing surprise that he falls into wrong-doing, but will briefly refer to the results achieved by that great foe to idleness and juvenile crime, the public playground. EXPERIENCES IN WINNIPEG.

Our own experience right here in Winnipeg. It was my privilege last summer to visit the playground started by the Mother's Association of this city and the sight of many happy boys and girls playing there and their merry laughter certainly did one good. It is also worthy of note that during the period the playground was running on William avenue not one single case of juvenile delinquency was reported from that locality.

There can be no difference of opinion about the value of playgrounds; it is a question of getting enough of them. When we can care for fires properly without hose and water, we can care for children properly without playgrounds

The movement towards playgrounds is simply a tardy recognition of the fact that we have been trying to deal with only one-half a child in the schoolroom, and have entirely omitted to provide for the other and even more important side which must find expression on the playground.

CHILDREN'S COURTS.

To the Hon. C. H. Campbell is due the credit of asking that the Juvenile Bill, recently passed by the Federal Legislature, be put in force in this Province; Manitoba will thus have the distinction of being the first Province in the Dominion to have properly constituted children's courts.

There can be no doubt that the most notable development in judicial principles and methods throughout the English-speaking world within the last few years, has been the introduction and establishment of juvenile courts. The juvenile court simply treats children brought before it in a paternal manner, aiming, not so much at the punishment of the delinquent as at his reformation, and seeking to strike at the root of the evil by removing the cause. short, the fundamental idea of such a court is paternalism, the recognition by the country that it holds the relation of parent towards every child within its borders.

In

The progress of this judicial reform has been phenome. nally rapid. Beginning in Chicago in 1899, it has sprung up in city after city. The immense possibilities presented by the system have been closely studied by students of sociology all over the civilized world, their almost unanimous verdict being that, properly administered, the system provides a solution for most of the evils arising from the great economic problems of poverty and crime.

SOME RECENT CHANGES.

Not many years ago the juvenile offender was treated in almost the same manner as the adult criminal. Confined in the same cells and tried by the same standards, the authorities concerning themselves only with the fact that the child had committed an offence against the law, and in meting out punishment for the offence the predominating Continued on page 14.