The ties of friendship forged in the fierce fires of war, he has never attempted to shake off. Advancing years have sobered the impetuosity of youth, but have not lessened the depth of his affection.

Successful in all that he has undertaken, he has been pre-eminently so in his career as Judge of the Juvenile Court.

To his work more than that of any other man, is due not only the beneficence of its influence in Chicago, but its adoption throughout the United States and to a considerable extent, in other lands.

the summarized report from the various parish conferences. This showed that in the fiscal period from January 1 to September 30, of the current year, the conference had relieved 1,031 families of 7,873 persons, to whom they had made 24,386 visits. The city had expended for fuel, etc., $20,095.31; for clothing $4,265; for funeral expenses $106.50; council dues, $2,209; for tuiton and rent, $1,644.99, and to donations for various charities, $2,825.48. By way of receipts, the organization has had from collections at meeting, $2,010.35; from the poor boxes in the churches, $19,760.80; donations $2,417.06; St. Anthony's Bread, $3,879.30; other sources, $1,604.60; for fuel, $6.00. There were four conferences not reporting.

Then followed encouraging reports from the Morning Committee and its subsidiary committees concerning work at the County buildings, where many persons have been brought back to the practise of their religious duties.

Mr. Malton, the society's agent at the Children's Court, made an interesting report on the proceedings of the recent meeting of the State Association of Charities and Correction at Albany. Mr. Malton observed that the State Association and the St. Vincent de Paul Society have worked together to their mutual advantage.

Mr. Hynes in introducing Justice Wilkin said: "There is no Protestant to whom we owe so much

Hon. R. S. Tuthill, Judge of Chicago Juvenile Court.

To follow the law, yet deal kindly, wisely and firmly with wayward, dissolute and criminal youth, is no easy task. To impress upon the young that the way of the transgressor is hard, yet not hopeless; that because of affection, restraint is imposed and submission to authority enforced requires infinite patience, boundless understanding of human nature and endless love for humanity; while to be nobly considerate with weeping mothers, angry fathers, indignant neighbors and zealous probationary officers, is a task harder than any put before Job and labors greater than those performed by Hercules. Would you see this done? Attend for a month the sessions of the Juvenile Court, presided over by the Honorable Richard S. Tuthill.

Hon. Robert W. Wilkin.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ST. VINCENT DE PAUL OF BROOKLYN ON DECEMBER 9th.

Judge Wilkin Heartily Endorsed.

The annual meeting of the Society of St. Vincent De Paul of Brooklyn on December 9th was opened with prayer by the President Thomas W. Hynes, and there was a spiritual reading by James Mulligan, the Vice President. Joseph Kunkel, Secretary, read

as to Justice Wilkin for helping to put down the barriers between us and non-Catholics, and for helping to establish more cordial relations between denominational and secular charities and our own organization."

Judge Wilkin dwelt on the parole and probation features, in both of which the St. Vincent de Paul Society takes an active interest. He devoted much attention to the reflection of the home conditions of some classes of children, and the means necessary to combat these conditions, while at the same time changing the habits of the parents of such little ones.

JUVENILE COURT RECORD

T. D. HURLEY, Editor.

79 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Hon. B. B. Lindsey, Judge Juvenile Court, Denver, Colorado. Thomas D. Walsh, Asst. Secretary, New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 297 4th Ave., New York.

J. L. Clark, Business Manager, 79 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. Eastern Office, 53 W. 24th Street, New York City. Boston Office, 71 Kilby Street, Botson, Mass.

The Juvenile Court Record is published monthly except in the month of July. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription price, $1 per year. Entered at Postoffice, Chicago, as secondclass matter.

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Letters should be addressed and checks and drafts made payable to Juvenile Court Record, 79 Dearborn St., Chicago. Advertising Rates made known on application.

EDITORIAL.

HON. EPHRAIM BANNING.

In the death of Hon. Ephraim Banning, the Juvenile Court of Chicago and the Juvenile Court Record lost a dear, true and valuable friend.

Many claims have been put forth from time to time by various persons as to the authorship of the Juvenile Court Law of Illinois. No one person is entitled to the entire credit of the Law.

Mr. Ephraim Banning, however, was the person who took the first step which resulted in the enactment of the law. Various societies and institutions had been agitating the question for years and Mr. Banning on October the 22nd, 1898, introduced a resolution before the Chicago Bar Association, requesting it to appoint a committee to draft a children's law. At Mr. Banning's request, Judge Hurd was made Chairman of the Committee and supervised the work. Throughout all the Committee work and especially before the Legislature Mr. Banning devoted his time and legal ability to the work.

Being a member of the State Board of Charities, he could speak authoritively and did so for the Governor and charitable institutions of the state. His personality and influence were most helpful to the Committee. In addition to the Juvenile Court work, Mr. Banning devoted special time and attention to parole prisoners.

At the time of his death, he was the President of the Central Howard Association, and during his lifetime rendered valuable assistance to this good and noble organization. We extend our sincere sympathy to the bereaved family.

JUVENILE COURT RECORD.

With this issue of the Juvenile Court Record, we begin a new year.

The circulation of the paper has continued to increase and during the past six months the circulation has averaged twenty-five thousand each month. During the summer months, fifty-five thousand copies were printed and circulated.

As will be noted, we have enlarged the paper and have secured the services of special writers who are amply qualified along Juvenile Court lines. The paper during the year paid a net revenue to the Visitation and Aid Society. We expect that it will eventually finance not only the present work of the Society but other lines of work which is contemplated in the future. In addition to the financial return, we feel very much gratified with the good that has been accomplished by the circulation of the paper.

We are in receipt of daily inquiries from all parts of the world.

During the past month we were in communication with the Cuban Government, with persons interested in Juvenile Court work in Scotland, Canada, France and practically every state in the Union. We endeavored to supply the information required in each case and reports from the various sources are very complimentary. It is our intention to continue to improve the paper and to assist the Juvenile Courts wherever we are able to do so. We feel that the Juvenile Court Laws throughout the world can be improved. We will endeavor to render whatever assistance we can in this respect.

We extend to our friends and patrons thanks for the generous support rendered us during the past year. We hope that we will ever merit their kind assistance.

JUVENILE COURT ARTICLES.

The public universally, is (or should be) interested in the juvenile courts of the United States. In order to judge of their methods and results, the Juvenile Court Record is perfecting arrangements to have articles on the various courts other than that of Chicago and observe methods and results as far as possible. So far, Indianapolis and Cincinnati have furnished interesting material for thought. Each month some particular court will be selected for discussion. It is the aim of the magazine to be fair and kindly throughout.

There is a tendency in the minds of the public to look at juvenile courts in the wrong light. There is no use in trying do deny it. People are prone to believe that it is a criminal and not a parental court. Now this is far from the meaning of the originators and far from the beliefs of those who labor for It is to eradicate in some childhood generally. manner, if possible, that conception of the functions of a juvenile court, that these articles are written. Some attempt is made, too, to determine salient weaknesses in the laws of each state, as well as to find out their strong features.

sunlight. It has made heart fit to become the temple of the living God.*** The anti-cruelty movement is neither for profit nor for charity. Its chief object is to change opinion-public opinion. It seeks to hasten the march of mankind, now for so many centuries on its long and weary way, from barbarism to civilization, from savagery to gentleness."

The former Secretary of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Charles K. Morton, spoke on "The Necessity of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children." Mr. Morton, for years an official of the State Board of Charities of Massachusetts and an authority on procedure in children's cases, told of the work of discovery, of investi gation, of prosecution and rescue carried on by these societies. "You can count the individual cases of children you yourself have relieved from suffering, but you can never learn the number of children who have been more kindly treated because of their parents' fear of their being taken away, nor the number of little girls saved from a blighted life because of the conviction of men who are in the State prison serving sentences for felonious assaults, on cases discovered and prosecuted by the society's officers. The merit of this rescue work can never be measured; it defies statistics."

M. J. White, Secretary of the California Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children came on from San Francisco to read a paper on "The Anti-Cruelty Crusade for Children in California." "The Crusade on the Pacific Coast on behalf of the children was begun in 1875 shortly after the Society in New York was incorporated. It was inspired by a request from the New York Society to Col. Charles Sonntag to take little Harry McCabe from the Montgomery Queen Circus which was then in Oakland. The request was complied with, but not without Col. Sonntag having found many obstacles to overcome, not the least of which was the boy's actual removal from a mining camp under conditions as dangerous as they were spectacular, for Col. Sonntag's life was threatened by those who had stolen the boy. Our Society has been very active in the formation of statutes relating to children, and some years ago several good labor laws were passed, but owing to lack of funds, were not enforced until the State Labor Commissioner, W. V. Stafford made it his duty to look after the little folks. In the face of great opposition by moneyed influences, Mr. Stafford fought the children's battle and succeeded in accomplishing more good in reducing child labor in California than all other persons combined. In 1902 a Juvenile Court epidemic struck California and our Society took a prominent part in the drafting of laws providing for a Children's Court and subsequent amendments. As the Juvenile Court law stands today, it might be of benefit to the little folks had the California Judges more originality in their handling of cases relating to children. Judge Ben. J. Lindsey of Denver, has met with excellent success in his handling of children's cases in his particular locality, but inspired too much imitation. To those familiar with conditions in the West, it will be readily seen that Judge Lindsey's methods will not succeed in seaport municipalities. Judge Lindsey has said frequently that the Juvenile Court is 'the Court of another chance'. This is, or should be, true if applied to delinquent children only, but it was never intended that the Juvenile Court should be an institution for the

reformation of habitual drunkards, degenerates and cruellists. Institutionalism is still overdone in California as in other places. Instead of asylums and charitable institutions being clearing houses for unfortunate children, they are used as the dumping grounds for the courts and indigent parents. One of the great needs of California is a proper child-placing agency, one conducted by the State."

Secretary White spoke briefly of refugee camp life in the far western metropolis and stated that the Relief Corporation and The Red Cross are now breaking up the regularly organized camps and sending the refugees back to home life. Nearly all of the reputable refugees have long since established themselves in homes, but there are about 8 000 still in the camps. These are the undesirable citizens of the stricken community. Aside from the organized camps there were dozens of unattached camps where the scum of the city collected but the recent bubonic plague scare in San Francisco caused the disorganization of these objectionable quarters.

"There is much to be done," said Secretary White. "Many difficulties have arisen and will arise out of the great catastrophe. Nevertheless, in San Francisco, things are in a flourishing condition, buildings are going up rapidly and there is plenty of work for those who desire it at attractive wages. Our Society is in a flourishing condition and headed by earnest, zealous humanitarians who will see to it that the work goes on without abatement and with vigor."

Secretary White also represented the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and in the name of both organizations, and of the people of San Francisco, extended to the association a hearty invitation to hold the next Annual Convention in the City by the Golden Gate.

Judge Robert J. Wilkin's address on "Juvenile Courts and Probation" was an extremely interesting and instructive discussion. It is a valuable contribution to contemporaneous humane literature. Judge Wilkin, as many of our readers know, has had the advantage of a quarter of a century's experience as active executive officer of The Brooklyn Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. His elevation to the Bench of the Court of Special Sessions did not interfere with his interest in child-saving work, for as well as leading an active official life he has found time to become the President of the Brooklyn Juvenile Probation Association, an officer of the Big Brothers' Club (whose work will be referred to in a later issue of the "Record") and several other kindred organizations. The Judge's address traced the old theory of making the punishment fit the crime, explaining how the law then sought an eye for an eye, to the present method of fuller investigation, of consideration of a guilty person's susceptibility to reformative influences, of probation and parole. "It seems remarkable that in this country it is as recent as only the beginning of the last century that special legislation was applied to benefit the child charged with an offense but it is a pleasant thing to know that the idea of those days was one that has governed all the actions succeeding, and that is that the children were either neglected or under the care of parents who lacked the necessities of life and the ability to support their offspring. The first statutes that we can find on the particular subject were in the state of Massachusetts, when in 1736, a special law was

passed to provide for the care of destitute and neglected children. It was an act to provide the necessaries of life, rather than to prevent the beneficiaries becoming of the criminal class. This provision was succeeded by many others until the beneficent laws on the Statute Books of this Commonwealth attest the interest of the citizens in its children. In the state of New York, in 1824 a bill was introduced which provided for the care of delinquent children. I believe that this was the first that made specific reference to the consideration of the care of children who were charged with disobedience of similar offense.

"The practice in the children's or juvenile courts, while following the fundamental features of the law applied to all courts, and clearly recognizing the rights of the citizen whether he be of full age or a young child, at the same time considers the relationship of the child to the offense and applies the remedy, which looks not to the punishment of the offender, but rather to the correction of the surroundings which were the cause of his falling. Therefore, the court and the judge who presides is largely in the relation of a parent in his dealing with the child, rather than in the relation of a public officer, and the more the court attains to the full conception of this relationship, the better the results may be and the surer the reforms aimed at will be attained. Of course we must all know that this is a court for the determination of right and wrong, that a wrong has or has not been committed, that some one has committed it, and it is for the court to ascertain the first and the second, so as to ascertain the best method of preventing a repetition of the offense. Therefore, though we may do all in our power to prevent the hackneyed formal proceedings of a court of criminal jurisdiction from casting away clouds in our eyes, at the same time on the other hand, we must not forget that the rules of evidence which have been evolved and the procedure which has been developed for ages, must not be forgotten, but must be strictly considered, because they are based upon right and justice, as well as a due consideration of the condition of the people.

"With the juvenile court system has grown up what is generally known as the probation system, under which an officer of the court is invested with certain powers to investigate and report to the court, to advise under the direction of the court with the child and the parent, and to assist the family of the child if necessity requires; in other words, to be a protecting arm to the child who perhaps has made his first mis-step. The investigation may develop that it is the fault of the parent, that heredity plays its part, or that environment has been the active agent, or some other reason may be found that has brought the little offender into the hands of the law. This is shown to the justice who, by wise advice and kindly action may apply the best remedy. The children's court in no way countenances the idea of maudlin sentimentality, nor does it pretend to forget that the law must be enforced and the rights of the community be respected, but the old idea of punishment, whether the offense was the result of disease or ignorance, has been very much changed, and the endeavor is to apply the specific remedy to the particular case.

"Juvenile Courts, as heretofore stated, have been established throughout the country, but the period of

their existence has hardly been long enough for them to have wholly demonstrated the full amount of good that the system is capable of. They have been tried, and wherever given a fair chance have produced the best results and have been productive of much commendation. The System has now become a recognized part of the jurisprudence of the country, and the effort will now be made to perfect the system in each state, so that the greatest amount of good may come as a result of the action."

Hon. Elbridge T. Gerry, Counsel to the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, the "Grand Old Man" of child protection, who has unselfishly devoted his life to the development of the movement to protect children which had its origin on his advice in 1874, spoke of the necessity for the child-protective societies keeping within the legitimate sphere of their work. Mr. Gerry explained that the work of prevention of cruelty to children ceased immediately upon the removal of a neglected or abused child from unfit surroundings, and its transfer, in legal form, to a suitable home or institution; that societies for the prevention of cruelty to children are the intermediaries between the improper home and the institution; that reformative work becomes the distinct function of bodies organized for that purpose, and that charity is a distinct branch of philanthropy entirely separate from the work of PREVENTION and in no sense capable of assimilation with it; that societies doing a preventive work, on the other hand, find occasion to dispense charity, but that this branch of their work is merely incidental to the greater aim, and is such as any one coming into frequent contact with the very poor finds necessary to dispense to relieve immediate requirements.

The convention agreed with Mr. Gerry in all that he said. He ended his address: "A child is born either into an atmosphere of vice or of virtue. Parental neglect or vice is responsible for the child's condition if it is immoral, and above all is the mother responsible for the child, though the father has a primary duty in providing for the home and removing all obstacles that will interfere with the maintenance of a pure home environment. It is also the duty of the father to so care for the mother that she may be able to guard her children and give them her personal care and attention. Religious training and deep-rooted religious principles inculcated by the parents from earliest childhood is of the highest importance in saving the child from moral ruin. Personal humanity and personal sympathy are two very necessary elements in the handling and the bettering of children. The institution does all that it can but it can never make moral children. The State can never prevent immorality, though it can make helpful laws affecting it. The method of prevention rests with the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children backed up by the laws and justice."

Another interesting paper was presented by J. J. Kelso, Esq., of Toronto, on "The Desirability of State Supervision of Children Placed in Foster Homes.' (Mr. Kelso's address was published in full in the December number of the RECORD.)

The Convention adopted resolutions condemning vivisection as barbarous, inhuman and unnecessary. A unique illustrated lecture was given by E. Fellows Jenkins, Secretary of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Mr. Jenkins