An old building is pointed out at this day as the barn in which these missionaries of learning taught, or at least as retaining some portion of its walls.

Mr. Dyer states that he finds the term University applied to Cambridge in a public instrument of 1223. According to Mr. Hallam, the date of its first incorporation is the 15th of Henry III. or 1231. In Hare's Register of the charters and other monuments of the liberties and privileges of the University, which is the authority on which the University relies, there is no charter of incorporation of this year, nor indeed any of this monarch, but there are many public letters of Henry relating to the University. These fully recognise its existence, its masters and chancellor, and some customs and privileges of the University. One of the most important of these early monuments is a royal letter, addressed to the sheriff of the county, calling upon him, "to repress the insubordination of clerks and scholars, and to compel them to obedience to the injunctions of the bishop of Ely, either by imprisonment or banishment from the University, according to the discretion of the chancellor and masters." In the 15th of Henry III. is a royal letter, which provides that "lodgings or hostels (hospitia) shall be taxed, i. e. valued, according to the custom of the University, namely, by two masters and two respectable and lawful men of the town, and let to the scholars according to their valuation." These and other documents are prefaced in Hare's Collection, by letters of invitation, addressed to the scholars of the University of Paris two years before, viz. in 1229. It would appear, therefore, that this protection accorded by the King to the hitherto unnoticed school of Cambridge, arose out of the circumstances which caused the scholars of Paris to quit their university and seek instruction in England.

Many of the royal letters of this and the following reigns relate to disputes between the University and the corporation of the town about their respective privileges; and a frequent cause of complaint is the remissness of the magistrates of the town in executing the sentences of the chancellor. The jurisdiction of the University in all cases, whether civil or criminal, except those of felony or mayhem, (act of maiming) in which one of the parties was a master or scholar, is repeatedly confirmed; nor was this privilege questioned in the King's courts.

The first formal charter which is extant was granted by Edward I. in the 20th year of his reign. Charters more and more ample were granted by Edward II., Edward III., Richard II. and Henry IV., in the beginning of their reigns. These charters were confirmed by Edward IV., Edward VI. and Elizabeth; and they were finally ratified by the act of parliament for the incorporation of the two Universities in the thirteenth of Elizabeth.

There are comparatively but few papal bulls and rescripts extant. There is a rescript of Gregory IX, (1227–1241) addressed to the prior of Barnwell and the chancellor of the University, the existence of which, under its proper head, must have been thus recognised. When Hugh Balsham, bishop of Ely, founded St. Peter's College, he obtained a royal charter from Edward I., and a confirmation from the pope. Edward II., in the 10th year of his reign, granted a charter to the University, confirming the charter which he had granted before, and adding some new privileges. At the same time he sought a confirmation of the privileges of the University from the papal see; and a bull was issued accordingly by John XXII., at Avignon, in the second year of his pontificate, (1217-1218). It mentions privileges conferred by former popes as well as by former kings, and confirms them all. It ordains that there shall be thenceforth at Cambridge a studium generale, and that every faculty shall be maintained there; and that the college of masters and scholars of the said studium shall be accounted a University, and enjoy all rights which any university whatsoever, lawfully established, can and ought to enjoy.* From the date of this bull, Cambridge was recognised among the universities of Christendom.

Soon after the middle of the 13th century, a number of scholars, on account of some disturbances at Cambridge, retired to Northampton. The wisdom of their choice is thus commended by Fuller. "Here they met with many Oxford men,

*Studium, says Malden, is a place of study. A Studium Generale is a place where all branches of learning are taught; the very meaning of which, by an erroneous etymology has been fastened on the word university. A university, as is shown by the learned German, Von Savigny, is a corporation of persona.

who on the like occasion had deserted Oxford, and retreated hither to study. I commend their judgment in the choice of so convenient a place, where the air is clear, yet not oversharp; the earth fruitful, yet not very dirty; water plentiful, yet far from any fennish annoyance; and wood, (most wanting now of days,) conveniently sufficient in that age. But the main is, Northampton is near the centre of England, so that all travellers coming thither from the remotest parts of the land, may be said to be met by the town in the midst of their journey, so impartial is the situation in the navel of the kingdom." At the end of four years the king recalled the scholars from Northampton.

By a bull issued by pope Eugenius IV. in 1433, the University was finally exempted from the jurisdiction, not only of the bishop of the diocese, but of the archbishop of the province.

Title of the University, etc.

The University is incorporated by the name of "The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge." "The frame of this little commonwealth standeth upon the union of seventeen colleges, or societies, devoted to the study of learning and knowledge, and for the better service of church and State." All these Colleges or Hallst have been founded since the reign of Edward I., and are maintained by the endowments of their several founders and benefactors. Each college is a body corporate, bound by its own statutes; but is likewise controlled by the paramount laws of the University. The present university statutes were given by queen Elizabeth in the 12th year of her reign, and, with the former privileges, were sanctioned by parliament. They are the foundation on which ali new laws are framed.

Each of the seventeen departments or colleges, furnishes members both for the executive and legislative branch of its government. The place of assembly is the Senate-House.

All persons who are M. A., or Doctors in Divinity, Law or Physic, having their names upon college Boards, holding any university office, or being resident in the town of Cambridge, have votes in this assembly. The number of those who have a title to the appellation of members of the senate, is at present about 2,600. The senate is divided into two houses, denominated the regent's and non-regent's house, with a view to some particular duties allotted to the members of the regent's house, by the statutes of the university.

Masters of arts of less than five years' standing, and doctors of less than two, compose the regents or upper house; or, as it is otherwise called, the whitehood house, from its members wearing their hoods lined with white silk. All the rest constitute the non-regent or lower house, otherwise the black hood house, its members wearing black silk hoods. But doctors of more than two years' standing and the public orator of the University may vote in either house according to their pleasure.

Besides these two houses, there is a council called the Caput, chosen annually on the 12th of October, by which every university order termed grace, must be approved before it can be introduced to the senate. The Caput consists of the vice-chancellor, a doctor in each of the faculties, divinity, civil law and physic, and two masters of arts, who are representatives of the regent and the nonregent houses.

A few days before the beginning of each term, the vice-chancellor publishes a list of the several days on which a congregation, or assembly of the senate, will be held for transacting university business. Those fixed days occur about

*Fuller's History, p. 12.

† Colleges and Halls are synonymous here, though not so at Oxford. Thus Clare Hall is called "Collegium, sive Domus, sive aula de Clare."

In the collocation of the letters of this title, M. A., we have followed the universal practice in England, in books, catalogues, documents, etc in the English language. Where the title occurs in Latin, it is printed A. M. So B. A., bachelor of arts in English: A. B., in Latin. Hitherto, in this country, the practice has been to write A.M. and A. B. both in English and Latin documents. Some of the colleges, however, are adopting the English mode. Mr. Taylor has also followed it in his valuable catalogue of the Library of the Andover Theological Seminary.

The technical term at Cambridge, originally, signifying to teach, was regere; and the master of arts, or the doctor of any faculty, on his creation, necessarily, became a regent, that is a teacher in the schools.

once a fortnight. Any placet, order or grace must be presented from the caput to the non-regent house; if it passes there, it is presented to the regents, and if adopted by them, becomes a law.

[To be concluded.]

MISCELLANEOUS.

STATISTICS. This word is of German origin, and is derived from the word staat, signifying the same as our English word state, or a body of men existing in a social union. Statistics may be defined, "the ascertaining and bringing together of those facts which are calculated to illustrate the condition and prospects of society;" and the object of statistical science is to consider the results which they produce, with the view to determine those principles on which the well being of society depends. It differs from political economy, because, though it has the same end in view, it does not discuss causes, nor reason upon probable effects; it seeks only to collect, arrange and compare that class of facts which alone can form the basis of correct conclusions with respect to social and political government.

CANALS IN ENGLAND. The navigable canals for the transport of goods and produce in England are estimated now to exceed 2,200 miles in length, while the navigable rivers exceed 1,800 miles, making together more than 4,000 miles of inland navigation, the greater part of which has been created or rendered available during the last eighty years. Ireland has but 300 miles of canal navigation, and 100 of river.

STEAM NAVIGATION. In 1818, the number of steam vessels belonging to the United Kingdom was 19; in 1836, there were 554. In 1819, only four steam vessels were built and registered, averaging 100 tons each; in 1836, 86 were registered, averaging 127 tons each. The number of passengers conveyed by the Hull and Selby steam packets in the twelve months which preceded the opening of the Leeds and Selby Railway was 33,882, whereas in the twelve months that followed that event, the number conveyed was 62,105.

RAILWAYS. Since the opening of the railway between Liverpool and Manchester, the deliveries of letters are as frequent and rapid as the deliveries of the two penny post between the opposite ends of London. The economical effect of that railway, measured in money alone, amounts to nearly a quarter of a million sterling annually; but the saving of time, the facility of transacting business with greater despatch, and other important considerations are, perhaps, of equal value.

FOREIGN COMMERCE. The average annual exports of British produce and manufactures in the decennary period from 1801 to 1810, amounted to £40,737,970; from 1811 to 1820, £41,484,461; from 1821 to 1830, £36,597,623. Since 1830, the amount has been progressively advancing, and in 1836, exceeded by £1,765,543 the amount in 1815, the first year of the peace, which, with the exception of 1836, was the greatest year of export trade, which Britain has ever seen.

WAR EXPENDITURE OF GREAT BRITAIN. During the ten years between 1805 and 1814, the government expenditure exceeded eight hundred millions sterling! In the course of the war, £46,289,459 were paid in subsidies and loans to foreign countries, as appears by the public accounts, though this sum is below the actual amount. During the present century, the national defence has cost upwards of one thousand millions sterling; 63 per cent. of which is shown to have been expended in the fourteen years

from 1800 to 1814, and the remainder, 37 per cent., in the twenty-two years of peace. The average annual expenditures under the heads of navy, army, and ordnance, for the six years ending 1836, was £12,714,289; and in the six years from 1809 to 1814, the expenditure under these heads averaged each year, £58,092,906.

PROGRESS OF RUSSIA.

The acquisitions of Russia from Sweden equal the remainder of Sweden.

66

66

Poland equal the Austrian Empire.

European Turkey equal Prussia, excluding the Rhenish
Provinces.

Asiatic Turkey equal the German Small States, Rhenish
Prussia, Holland and Belgium.

Persia equal England.

Tartary equal European Turkey, Greece, Italy and
Spain.

The Russian frontier has advanced towards Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Vienna and

The total acquisitions of Russia in 64 years equal her whole European empire before that time.

Elements of Mental Philosophy; embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities. By Thomas C. Upham, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Bowdoin College. In two Volumes. Third Edition. Port

land: Published by William Hyde, for Z. Hyde. 1839. pp. 461, 468. This work, which has now reached the third edition, is designed to give a concise and just view of the whole series of mental operations, excepting those of the will, which are made the subject of examination in another volume. The work is essentially eclectic. By this we mean, that the author is not the partizan or opponent of any of the numerous schools of philosophy which have appeared; but endeavors to gather from all sources those leading views respecting the mind which seem conformable to truth; and this is the most judicious method to be adopted.

The volumes before us relate to two distinct departments of the mind. The first volume treats of the intellect. This evidently is the proper order of discussion. Its table of contents exhibits the great number of topics considered-all of them important. They relate exclusively to the perceptive or intellective powers, or in other words, to the mind as it is developed in the acquisition of knowledge; being what some writers have called the "cognitive mind."

The second volume relates to a class of subjects altogether different, viz: the emotions, and the forms and modifications of desire, such as the instincts, appetites, propensities

and affections, together with the various moral feelings. These several topics have been examined with great care, and their analysis and arrangements present claims to originality.

The work is simple and clear in style; easily understood even when the subject is abstruse; and enlivened throughout by various interesting facts, which are introduced either to support or illustrate the principles advanced.

These two volumes are abridged and published in one volume of 450 pages, and in this form has already passed through four editions. Both works, the larger and the smaller, are already extensively used in colleges and academies, and it is believed that they ought to be adopted by our literary institutions generally.

Another volume in this series of works on Mental Philosopsy, printed separately, is a "Treatise on the Will." This presents a distinct but important view of the mind; and one which is necessary to a comprehensive and complete knowledge of the whole subject. All of these works, different, in this respect, from metaphysical writings in general, particularly those of the French School, exhibit and defend views which are decidedly favorable to the great truths of strict morality and evangelical religion.

These several volumes make a complete system of treatises upon the different branches of the mind, and seem destined to become standard works on the subjects which they discuss.

Statistics of the Medical Colleges in the United States, from the Fourth Volume of the Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York. 1839. Pp. 12.

These statistics were collected by Dr. T. R. Beck. The number of medical graduates of the University of Pennsylvania from 1791 to 1838, was 3,320. Various tables are given, showing the residence of the students, proportion from each State, etc. The number of students of the Medical School of Transylvania University, Ky. from 1820 to 1830, was 3,800, the number of graduates was 1,075. From the annual circular of the Medical Institution of Yale College, 1839-1840, we learn that the whole number of graduates of that institution, from the first course of lectures in 1813-14, is 439; that of licentiates, 273. The professors in the institution are Drs. Silliman, Ives, Tully, Knight, Beers and Hooker.

Female Education: Tendencies of the Principles embraced, and of the System adopted in the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, South Hadley, Ms. 1839. pp. 26.

This institution was ready for the reception of scholars Nov. 8, 1837. The original plan was to provide for 200 scholars. The only building yet erected can accommodate but 90. In order to complete the plan in respect to buildings, furniture, etc., about $25,000 more are needed. The domestic work of the family is performed by the members of the seminary. There has not been a hired domestic of the family since its organization. It has adopted a thorough, extensive and systematic course of study. The features of the system and the objects of the school may be learned by examining the pamphlet whose title we have given, and also a very sensible and well-written Address, lately delivered at the anniversary of the school by the Rev. R. Anderson, D. D. of Boston.

The Trial of Jesus before Caiaphas and Pilate; being a Refutation of Mr. Salvador's Chapter entitled "The Condemnation of Jesus." By M. Dupin, Advocate and Doctor of Laws. Translated from the French by a Member of the American Bar. Boston: C. C. Little & James Brown. 1839. pp. 88.

A few years ago, Mr. Joseph Salvador, a physician and a Jew, published at Paris a learned work, entitled, "History of the Institutions of Moses and the Hebrew People." To a chapter on the administration of justice, he subjoined an account of the trial and 38

VOL. XII.