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of fimplicity, which befpeaks candour, and is the ufual attendant on fincerity. In converfation he was cheerful and animated; the extent of his knowledge, and natural good humour, made him a pleafing and entertaining companion. He was never warm, but when rudely attacked, or oppoled with illiberality; and when, as it fometimes happened in mixed company, ignorance was united with obftinacy, or prejudice barred the way to conviction, he could then, and then only, be roufed to refentment. After he has raifed himfelf from his chair, with a deliberation that bespoke fomething of conscious fuperiority; his Spectacles lifted with his left hand to his forehead, his right arm elevated and bent; the writer of this article has heard him, with a firm tone and ftrong voice, exprefs a remonstrance and rebuke, fo pointed and fevere, as to make his antagonist, like one confounded, fhrink from all further notice: but the refentment he expreffed was of fhort duration, and he foon returned to his atual compofure and cheerfulness.

He was much attached to the exercise of walking, and employed as great a portion of his time as conveniently could be fpared, in this way. Nothing but necef fity could induce him to ule a carriages excepting in extreme hot weather, he habitually wore a great coat, with pockets of an unufual depth, for the convenience of carrying books about him; we have known him, on a fummer's day, attend an appointment full ten miles from London, to meet his friends, and take a circuit round, by bye ways, to increafe the dif. rance, and enjoy an author with lefs interuption. This he often did, when he was confiderably turned of fity. At the houles of many men of great opulence and refpectability, he was a welcome vifitor; but what he molt enjoyed, was a small eircle of fele& friends, where converfation sok a lively turn, and might be wholly unrestrained in fuch focieties many of his evenings were pafled, either occafionally, or at itated feafons, until within a few

years of his death. This was the kind of relaxation he most relifhed; for he had no trifling purfuits, joined in no frivolous amufements, partook of no pleasures which reafon difallows; nor did he ufually associate, or cultivate an acquaintance with any, of whom it might not with truth be faid, they were, in fome confiderable degree intelligent or studious.

A review of the life of Dr. Towers naturally leads us to confider the numerous advantages, which may be derived from indultry and application. That unceasing efforts in literary purfuits, especially when accompanied with moral habits, and predent economy, will ufually be crowned with fuccefs, daily experience evinces. The fubject of thefe memoirs emerged from obfcurity, and obtained no small share of notice and celebrity*. He laid in ample stores of knowledge, and became ufeful; he alfo acquired the fame his labours merited, and lived in habits of intimacy with, and was highly regarded and esteemed by, many distinguished for their talents, and their virtues.

The lives of fuch men are among the most useful articles of biography; which may be confidered as a beacon raifed at once to mark the fhoals and rocks, on which multitudes have split, and to light the path that leads, through literature and the arts, to competence and fame.

* He was, in December 1790, (in the chofen one of the Trustees of the Charities room of the Rev. John Palmer, deceased) of Dr. Daniel Williams; who founded and endowed a public Library for the use of the Diffenters; and left very confiderable property for charitable and useful purposes. This was a mark of diftinction, which is utually paid in London to the most eminent of the Presbyterian denomination. He was alfo one of the first and most active members of the Humane, now ftyled the Royal Hu mane Society;" and took great pains to encourage and extend that highly beneficial in ftitution.

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The highest that I have obferved the thermometer in the shade of this year was at 86, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon on 2d July-wind fouth.

A Lift of Extremes most remarkable in the Thermometer at the usual Time of taking it.

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There is a ftriking contraft between the 22d of June and the 24th of December; the latter being 53°, and the former only 51°!

The lowest point of the barometer was on the roth and 11th of November at 28.36 inches.

pound affinities, working only by the fur. plufies.

An example or two perhaps may make it plain to thofe who are precf againft a mere precept: let us, for inftance, take the first ten days of July in the table above:

N. 31
S. 15

- E.
I
W. 21

Surplus S. 12- W. 20

So that the prevailing wind will be fome much nearer wet than fouth, as 20 where between fouth and weft, and to exceeds 12; or, to find the very point, 12+20: 8 :: 12 : 3 :: 20: 5, or that out of the eight points between fouth and weft it is three towards the fouth and five toawards the west, or S. W. by W.

Again, fuppofe we take the whole year

1803

253

S. W. by W.
397 8

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W. 144: 2'9:: 253: 5.1 =

One more will fuffice.-The firft ten days in October

If in a courfe of time it should be obferved that the wind at any place fhould blow as many days north as fouth, and the fame number caft and weft, it could not be faid there were any prevailing winds at that place, regard being had tɔ the duration of the wind only; but fhould we find the wind to blow three days from the weft, to one in each of the other points, we should justly fay that the prevailing wind was weft. But fuppofe, as it will generally happen, that the numbers expreffing the days of wind blowing from the different points fhould not exactly measure each other; thus, fuppofe there fhould be feventeen days weft wind and feven days fouth, now the prevailing wind would be fomewhere between thefe two points; the diftance of which from Now 144 each would be inverfely proportional to the number of days blown trom each, (regard being had to time only) or S. W. by W. W.; but it will not happen neither for a long time that the whole of the wind fhould be thared between two contiguous cardinal points: thus, fuppofe the wind fhould be fix days north and fix days fouth, and three days weft; now I fay, that in respect of thefe fifteen days, the prevailing wind is weft, because the fix north and fix fouth deftroy each other, like the oppofite figns in algebra. Or, we may compare it to a veffel at fea, blown by a north wind fix days, and fix by a fouth wind, and weft wind three days; now, all other things being equal, the weft will prevail, and the veffel will be exactly in the fame latitude, and have made three days to the eaft. Jutt in this way may we make use of my tables of approximation of the wind to the cardinal points explained in Monthly Magazine, Vol. X. page 108; and confider them like the callings and wellings, &c. in working a traverfe, by taking the finale from the largelt of the oppofites, and finding the ratio of the remaining differences; like Morveau, by his quiefcents and divellants in his diagram of com

N. 12

: E. 2

S. 6: W.20

N. 6 W. 18
Here 6+18 : 8 :: 6:2 :: 18:6, cr

W.N.W.

Thus we fhall be able to fum up the whole average wind for a year, with the barometer and thermometer, &c. &c. and fame eafe, and in the fame line, with the can compare one year with another, and and trace the motion of this average peint one place with another, by a fingle line, perhaps till we find its laws and perid, &c.

table, that the average wind for this It will be feen, by inspecting the above place for four years is very nearly S. W. by W. For 1800 S. W. For 1801 S.W. by S4 W. For 180z, fame as

1801.

Leighton,
Jan. 9, 1804.

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SIR,

THE

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

HE following meteorological abftract for the last twelve months is a continustion of my Journal at Carlisle.-See Monthly Magazine for February, 1803.

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T

Annual Mean. 29,895 27,520 212

RECAPITULATION of the STATE of the WEATHER, during the last twelve Months, obferved at CARLISLE. THE commencement of the year 1803 was marked by a fucceffion of very temperate weather: in the first month we experienced 14 wet days, very little froft or fnow; dry and pleafant towards the end of the month, but much fhow was obferved on the mountains in the neighbourhood. Mean mid-day height of the thermome. ter during January was 37.6-February was in the beginning temperate, litle frott, fome hail and now, and inclining to ftorm towards the end-during this month we had 21 wet days-aurora borealis obferved once on the evening of the 15th mean mid-day height of the thermometer 40.86.-March, which does not always terminate our win er, was this year foft and mild, and ufhered in the fpring more early than common. Though the beginning of the month was cold and fevere, accompanied with fhowers of hail, particularly on the 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th; soft rain fucceeded and continued for feveral days afterwards. After the 20th we had many warm and plafant days on the 24th, in the evening the clouds gathered and loud thunder was heard, accompanied with much vivid light ning and heavy rain; from that to the

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end the weather was foft and pleasant. Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 47 71. The delightful weather which clofed the month of March brought in the month of April; the early part of which was remarkably pleafan'; but the weather became too warm for the featon atter the 10th, when we experienced many hot days, particularly the 16th, when the thermometer ftood at 73 -On the 18th the weather changed, and difagreeable and fart fhowers of hail and ran fuceceded, the thermometer fell to 37; continued fhowery and moift to the end.-Aurora borealis obferved on the 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, active and brilliant. Snow observed on the mountains on the 21.-Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 53*3.— May commenced with wet and urgenial weather, fhowers of hall fucceeded by cold parching winds.- V. Vegetation and the early promiles of fpring much checked by the "trowy fleet." After the 12th pleafant weather, teatonable rains towards the en-warm fine weather clofed the month of May; 17 wet days in this month.— Aurora borealis obferved on Wednesday 18th, brilliant, but foon difappeared. The rivers above their banks on the 2d.Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 56.55.-June in general was a fucceffion of Tweet and plealant weather, ex452

tremely

tremely regular and temperate; the thermometer never higher than 75, nor below 48, mid-day. This was on the 7th, when it was rather cold, with light fhowers of hail. The latter part moderately hot with foft fhowers and light breezes; 18 wet days. - Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 61.55-heaviest rain during the year was on June the 10th, depth 1.4 inches.

July was in general intenfely hot, and a great deal of clear funfhine. The month commenced with warm fair and agreeable weather; on the 6th fome light fhowers, fucceeded by very warm weather, extremely hot and dry till the 19th, when heavy rain came on, accompanied by much thunder and lightning, which continued during moft of the following day. The air afterwards more temperate, light fhowers towards the end; 17 wet days during this month. The mean mid-day height of the thermometer 71.65-on the 17th, 18th and 19th the thermometer was at 80, 81° and So".

Auguft commenced with hot and fhowery weather, thunder frequently at a distance, after the 10th fair and very hot, the 16th and 17th extremely hot; thermometer at 80 and 81°-afterwards more temperate and plealant, drizzling rains at intervals, and pleafant to the conclufion. Aurora borealis obferved, on Monday 15th, low and foon disappeared. In this month there were 20 wet days; on the 5th it rained heavily all day, depth 1.3 inches.Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 65.4.

September, moftly dry and pleafant; fhowery days fometimes at intervals in general favourable for the harveft; 3 very wet days, on Friday 16th, Monday 19th, and Tuesday 20th; after that, extremely ferene and warm to the end of the month; 12 wet days.-Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 58.73.

October continued remarkably ferene and pleafant, and moftly fair till Saturday 15th, when a fenfible change took place; fhowers all day, fucceeded with a tempetuous wind, which nearly ftripped all the woods in the neighbourhood, a week of rainy humid and foggy weather fucceeded; lightning obferved on Wednesday 19th.-Aurora borealis on Wednesday 12th, low and iteady; 12 wet days during the month.-Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 54.13; from the 22d to the end of the month the weather unusually agreeable,fair and pleasant, the fky without a cloud on the 28th and 29th.

November commenced with a week of remarkable dry weather, warm and pleafant; continued ferene till the 8th-after

2

that frequent fhowers with fhort in. tervals of froft; foggy dark weather du ring the latter part of the month.-Aurora borealis obferved Friday 25th, foon disappeared.-During November we had 14 wet days-fnow obferved on the mountains on the 13th, the highways dusty on the 6th.-Thermometer 43.1.

:

December came in with a mildness which foon changed to the most intense froft which we have experienced for a few years, the froft continued for a few days only on the 8th the thermometer was at 8° at eight o'clock in the morning. The froft was fucceeded by wet and drizzly weather, fome now and very dif agreeable; dark and gloomy, with very few clear days; on Saturday 24th extremely ftormy in the evening, dark and rainy on the 25th, but no wind; mud and temperate during the remainder of the month, but extremely moift, dark and thick.-Mean mid-day height of the thermometer 39.2-Aurora borealis obferved on the 12th, low, and foon difappeared22 days wet. I am, Sir,

Your's, &c. Carlife, Jan. 3d. 1804. W. PITT.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

I

SIR,

INCLOSE a Register of the Thermometer, Barometer, Winds, and Weather, kept during the year 1803, in Perthie, about a mile from the Tay. The fpirit-of-wine thermometer, with which my obfervations were made, when high, ftood one degree, and, when low, two, three, and, on one occasion, four degrees higher than in the following table. But, having compared my thermometer, for the two laft months, with one which I borrowed from a friend, and which had been regulated by the very inftument employed in furnishing your Monthly Meteorological Report, I have accommodated my Table for the whole year to the dis ference which, during this period, I obferve them regularly exhibit. The account for these two months is given from the borrowed inftrument, and reduced, for the ten preceding ones, to what it would have been by the fame inftrument.—I have some reafon to fufpect that my barometer is graduated a little too low, but I have never had an opportunity of comparing it regularly with others.-In the column of wind and weather, where two different accounts appear, the first refers to the forenoon, and the laft to the afternoon. The other obfervations were made at nine

in the morning. I am, Sir,

Your most obedient fervant,

AR.
JANUARY.

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