not a chance under present conditions of ever building the Eudora floodway. Yet we in the north extension are by law tied to the Eudora floodway. Therefore, unless we in the northern extension can also be divorced, just as the Morganza is being divorced, the passage of the present bill under the record shown in this hearing means our economic death in the north extension, just as it would mean economic death in the Morganza unless they can go forward.

Therefore our plea is and our position is that if the Morganza be divorced, then by the same token and for the same reasons and with the same logic let our northern extension of the Eudora also be divorced in order that the two may be contemporaneously constructed. The same reasons-engineering reasons--that exist, whatever they may be, for the original plan in the original Overton bill for the northern extension still exist. Until the Engineers are willing to change those reasons by raising the fuse-plug levee to the 1928 grade and section, we are assured by them, and we accept their assurance, that we are in constant menace and that we are constantly subject to the menace of those terrific floods. That fact in our area has utterly destroyed our market values.

We have heard from representatives of the War Department, from a representative of the Mississippi River Commission, and from the Chief of Engineers of Louisiana. They have no reasons to offer why the northern extension should not be constructed; therefore, we are urging that it be left at least to the discretion of the Army Engineers to construct that now and not tie us with the Gordian death knot of the law to a Eudora floodway which everybody admits is now impossible.

It was suggested by General Ferguson that if the present bill is passed, the Morganza will be built, and then they will discuss us for the balance of our lives. May it please you, Mr. Chairman, the Mississippi River Commission was organized in 1879 and was directed by the American Congress at that time to begin the study of flood control of the Mississippi River. Since 1879 we have been surveyed, we have been discussed, and we have been bandied to and fro.

In 1928 definite action was taken, we thought. The act of May 15, 1928, is still law, but for approximately 10 years, now, that law has been ignored-or, to say the least, it has not been executed for more than 10 years. We are still behind a fuse-plug levee that is not up to the 1914 grade. The guide levees that would give protection to the great area that is now subject to trouble has not been constructed. While we have no objection whatever to experimentation with cut-offs, for we think they have produced unquestionably remarkable results and we are highly in favor of them, the point I am suggesting is that in 1928 those very cut-offs were expressly and emphatically condemned as being dangerous.

If we are to be experimented with, happily those experiments have proved for our good. The consesus of opinion of the engineers for 50 years before was that that experimentation was very hazardous. I do not know whether it was or not, but if the present bill is passed and we are to be discussed and experimented with in the future as we have been in the past, then my generation, Mr. Chairman, will pass out of the picture.

So, with all of the vigor and force at our command, as ordinary laymen we are urging the Congress of the United States to assume its

responsibility when the engineers do make their recommendation of an engineering plan; and when the engineers assure the Congress that a diversion is necessary, we urge that the Congress give us in Arkansas the green light, as the chairman has so aptly and charmingly put it, to go ahead also.

Just one final thought, and that is relative to condemnation: May I make bold to challenge the assumption that has been made throughout these hearings that condemnation is impossible or prohibitive. The point I am here suggesting is that when the engineers begin to discuss legal or constitutional rights they are out of their field of expertness just as much as when lawyers or laymen begin to discuss engineering problems.

May I suggest this: That the assumption that the judiciary of the country in matters of condemnation are not safe custodians of constitutional rights of property owners and of the Government is to my mind tained with treason. The position that condemnation is not fair, feasible, adequate, or even expedient must to my mind mean one of two things: Either that those who so hold take the position that they can acquire the property rights of the property owner for less than just compensation which the Constitution guarantees and are unwilling to pay that just compensation, or that the courts of the country cannot be depended upon to faithfully execute their function of enforcing constitutional rights.

I cannot see any escape from one or the other of those conclusions, neither of which any man will dare admit he stands for.

May I plead with the committee that whatever solution is reached when the engineers have settled the engineering feature, let the American Congress make that law mandatory, leaving it to the engineers to secure whatever rights are necessary by voluntary purchase if they can reach an agreement, or, if not, let the judiciary function as it is designed by the Constitution to function.

That completes my statement. I have tried to make clear our position.

Senator OVERTON. I think the main objection to condemnation proceedings is not that the courts will not do equal justice between the Government and the property owners; the main objection arises from the prolonged delay that will result from litigation with unwilling property owners to make a conveyance of flowage easements or of fee simple title to their properties, to the Government, involving an area that embraces something more than 800,000 acres and ownerships far in excess of 5,000.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. Thank you for that suggestion, Mr. Chairman. Senator OVERTON. If, for instance, a post office site is to be acquired, there is no appreciable difficulty in proceeding with condemnation against the one, two, three, or four property owners involved in the acquisition of that site. But when you undertake to condemn something more than 800,000 acres, it can readily be understood that there would be a very prolonged delay resulting from litigation in condemnation proceedings. In fact, the engineers point to the very great delay that has ensued in obtaining flowage easements in the Bird's Point-New Madrid Floodway which involve infinitely less area than the Eudora.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. Thank you for your suggestion, Mr. Chairman, because it enables me to put into the record my conception of the answer to it.

First, it proves the advisability of the divorcement of our north extension levee from the Eudora generally, where there is such an enormous acreage, since in our north extension only 195,000 acres are involved and more than 75 percent of those flowage rights have already been granted, and I know of no opposition to the Overton bill in the north extension.

The second answer relates to delay. The chairman knows that under condemnation law the moment condemnations are filed the Government takes immediate possession and there is no delay whatsoever in the construction work. The disadvantage, Mr. Chairman, is all with the property owner.

I am a small country-town lawyer and would represent clients who were the property owners in this area. That would be my viewpoint. When the United States Government has filed condemnation suit in the Federal court, the Government has every advantage in the world. I know from recent experience in condemnation suits in this same area for bird reservations and wildlife reservations what the property owners do. In the first place, the Government gets immediate possession, and construction work proceeds. Time does not mean anything to the Government. The Government would not care if the condemnation were never finished. They go on and on forever. To the property owner, however, time is vital. If he cannot get what he wants, Mr. Chairman, he will take whatever he can get and be glad to get it, because so far as time is concerned, so far as delay is concerned, and so far as financial responsibility is concerned, every advantage lies with the Government; the poor property owner is helpless. That is the answer to that.

Senator OVERTON. But in condemnation proceedings of this character there ought to be some provision in the law to protect the property

owner.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. The law does say that compensation shall be paid contemporaneously with the taking, but unfortunately in actual practice it just does not work out that way until the property owner is ready to take whatever the Government is ready to offer.

Senator MILLER. That situation does not exist so much in the northern extension on account of the willingness of the people to furnish flowage rights; is that not true?

Mr. WILLIAMSON. Yes, Senator. Those people, knowing what condemnation means, will not wait for the Government to file suits; they will take what is offered in the first place because they will save lawyers' fees by so doing.

Senator MILLER. There is no objection in the northern extension to carrying out this plan?

Mr. WILLIAMSON. There is no objection. That is just another reason for our matrimonial union with the Morganza. Every reason that applies to the Morganza applies to the northern section of the Eudora.

Senator MILLER. We are much obliged to you for making your statement, Mr. Williamson.

The next speaker is Mr. J. C. Gould, Rohwer, Ark.

STATEMENT OF J. C. GOULD, ROHWER, ARK.

Senator MILLER. Please state your full name and address for the record.

Mr. GOULD. My name is J. C. Gould. I live at Rohwer, Ark. Senator MILLER. Placing that on the map, it is how far south of the mouth of the Arkansas River?

Mr. GOULD. Twelve miles.

Senator MILLER. Right in here is where you live [indicating]?
Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. You are farming there?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. Are you familiar with the condition that existed on this fuseplug levee during the 1937 flood?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. What was the extent of the water as shown on the fuseplug there? Was it actually on top of the levee?

Mr. GOULD. Just south of Yancopin for a quarter of a mile the water and the top of the permanent levee were exactly at the same level. They had sacks and board abutments to keep the water from overtopping the levee, and I imagine that is what they refer to as their freeboard, but actually they didn't have any permanent levee above the water in the river.

Senator MILLER. In the 1937 flood?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. In other words, the statement that there were 2, 3, or 4 feet of freeboard there

Mr. GOULD (interposing). Possibly referred to the boards and sacks.

Senator MILLER. And not to the actual levees?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. You know that from being an owner there?
Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. How much of that levee did you walk or traverse during that flood?

Mr. GOULD. I rode the levee from my place to the upper end of the fuseplug, a distance of 12 or 14 miles.

Senator MILLER. You rode that levee?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. You have told the committee that the 1937 water was at the top of the dirt levee?

Mr. GOULD. Yes; of the permanent levee.

Senator OVERTON. All the way?

Mr. GOULD. No; not all the way; in a few short places, about a quarter of a mile or more. We think the only reason we didn't have a crevasse in the fuseplug levee was that we didn't have a run-out in the Arkansas River.

Senator MILLER. If you had had an overflow from the Arkansas you would have had a crevasse?

Mr. GOULD. In the other two-thirds of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River. I think at that time we drained a third of the 35 States that we do drain, but the other two-thirds were not drained through us at that time.

Senator MILLER. Do you know whether or not that condition existed down south on the fuse plug?

Mr. GOULD. Yes; it did, but not in as great a proportion as it did above here at Rohwer.

Senator MILLER. Then, if you are to get water out of there, that levee has got to be raised?

Mr. GOULD. Yes.

Senator MILLER. Mr. Baxter, will you come to the table, please?

STATEMENT OF JOHN BAXTER, DERMOTT, ARK.

Mr. BAXTER. My name is John Baxter. I live at Dermott, Ark., where I am an attorney at law and a landowner.

Senator MILLER. You may proceed to make your statement, Mr. Baxter. Make it as brief as you can.

Mr. BAXTER. I am also engaged in banking and am president of the Production Credit Association which make loans throughout that country. I am familiar with that region and have been for 20 years.

First, about the options. The options came out about July 1, 1937. They were taking options on fee and also on flowage rights. I think at Senator Overton's suggestion the engineers stopped taking options for fee-simple title and only took them for flowage rights.

Senator OVERTON. That is right.

Mr. BAXTER. Then the reports were circulated throughout the territory that there was a new option or a new contract coming out. That option came out some time the last of October. Our people began immediately to sign options.

Senator MILLER. You are confining your remarks to the northern extension?

Mr. BAXTER. To Arkansas only. I know nothing about the Louisiana set-up and do not pretend to have anything to say about it. I do not want to meddle in their affairs down there. Any remark I make with reference to options pertains to Arkansas territory.

I understand from the engineers that they have obtained 69 percent that have actually signed up. The General American Life is ready to sign up with about 9 or 10 thousand acres, and I am satisfied that agreements have been reached with the engineers for signing so that 85 or 90 percent of those options could be obtained at satisfactory prices within the next 30 days. More than 75 percent have now been obtained.

Senator MILLER. That is, for flowage rights?

Mr. BAXTER. For flowage rights.

Our folks accepted the Overton Act as it was, realizing the condition that they had been in for 10 or 12 years, and they are perfectly satisfied with it. We are lined up with it and have been for it just as Morganza has. We have tried to comply with it and tried to get the options, and we want it carried out, so far as Arkansas is concerned. In order that the committee may know the population of the district, there are four counties involved in Arkansas. Chicot County is practically all involved, with a population of approximately 25,000. Desha County is practically all involved with a population of about 25,000. All of the east parts-the heavily populated parts of Ashley and Drew Counties are involved and were flooded in 1927, and I presume the population in the two parts of those counties to be flooded is at least 30,000. So, I would say that in the floodway in Arkansas there are about 80,000 people to be protected. Those 80,000 people are engaged chiefly in agricultural pursuits.