Himalaya: Geological Aspects, Volume 1

active Asia associated base basement basic basin beds belt biotite blocks Boundary Central collision complex consists continental continuous Cretaceous crust crystalline deformation deposits direction early earthquakes east eastern Eocene et al evolution existence extension facies faults Figure folds followed formation formed Gansser Garhwal Geol Geology gneiss grade granite Group Higher Himalaya Indian Indian plate indicate Indus initial island Kashmir Ladakh Late Lesser levels limestone Lower magmatic major margin metamorphism Middle mountain movement nappe nature Nepal northern observed occur oceanic ophiolite origin orogenic Pakistan palaeomagnetic Palaeozoic Pande phase plate possible Precambrian present Range region represent rocks rotation sampled sandstones schists sedimentary sediments seismicity sequence Shield similar southern structural studies subduction suggested suture Table tectonic Tertiary Tethyan thickness thrust Tibetan trend units Upper valley volcanics western zone