Physical Science in the Middle Ages

acceleration Albertus Magnus Arabic arguments Aristotelian physics Aristotelian science Aristotle Aristotle's arithmetic arts astronomy Averroes Avicenna Bradwardine Buridan celestial century A.D. Charles Singer Christian commentaries condemnation of 1277 Copernicus cosmology cosmos daily motion discussed Duhem E. J. Holmyard earth Edward Grant elements existence explain external fall finite fourteenth century Galileo geometric God's Greek science heavens heavy history of science hypothetical impetus impressed force infinite void intellectual intension and remission internal resistance Latin translation mathematical matter mean speed theorem Medicine medieval physics Medieval Science medium Middle Ages mixed bodies motive force move natural motion natural place Nicole Oresme Ockham Oxford physical reality Pierre Duhem planets problem produced Publications in Medieval rectilinear motion rotation saving the phenomena scholastic scientific revolution seventeenth century significant specific weight speed sphere theologians theological theory thirteenth century tion tradition treatises twelfth century University of Paris vacuum velocity violent motion void space York