it, for comparison's sake, is placed a copy from one of the ancient sculptures, representing Rameses II. and his queen playing at the same game. Fig. 21. The name of Cleopatra immortal Tryphona, followed by a sitting figure, and having after the first word the letters T, S, the feminine termination. Fig. 22. The head of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt. From a coin in the British Museum. Fig. 23. Elevation of one of the arched water-cisterns under Alexandria. (Norden's Travels.) Fig. 24. An Alexandrian galley or ship of war, having the roof of the steersman's hut shaped like the queen's helmet. From a coin of Cleopatra in the Pembroke Collection. Fig. 25. The names of Cleopatra and her son Cæsarion, spelt Cleopatras and Fig. 28. A coin of Cleopatra and Antony. Fig. 29. Another of the same. Fig. 30. Another of the same. From the British Museum. Fig. 31. View of the interior of a Roman fortress at Alexandria, called by Antony the Timonium. (Description de l'Egypte, vol. v. pl. 35.) Fig. 32. Capital of a column formed of Lotus flowers, out of which rise four full-faced heads of a goddess, and upon these rests the model of a temple. From the temple of Dendera. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 33. The god Horus between Isis and Nephthys. From a porcelain group of the same size. Fig. 34. The name of Augustus Cæsar, written Autocrator Caisaros immortal, beloved by Pthah and Isis. The second name is in the genitive case, while the first is in the nominative. Fig. 35. Statue of an Egyptian playing upon the back of a crocodile. It is of Roman workmanship. In the British Museum. Fig. 36. View of the Nilometer in the island of Elephantine, being a flight of steps with a scale of cubits on the wall. (Young's Hieroglyphics, pl. 62.) Fig. 37. Ground plan of ancient Alexandria. D is the palace of the Ptolemies, joined by an underground passage to the theatre. R is the Cæsarium or new palace, in front of which stood the two obelisks. K is the Museum, S is the Sema, afterwards perhaps the monastery of St. Athanasius. Fig. 38. Plan of a circular room in the Catacombs under Alexandria. (Norden's Travels.) Fig. 39. View of a part of the same. (Hector Horeau.) Fig. 40. The name of Queen Candace the Ethiopian, spelt K, N, D, A, K, A, A, with T, S, the feminine termination. But by a mistake of the sculptor we have the character for NEB in place of the second K. (Lepsius.) Fig. 41. A temple in Meroë. (Lepsius.) Fig. 42. A coin of Augustus, with the title Autocrator Cæsar, the son of God. Fig. 43. The name of Tiberius Cæsar. Fig. 44. A marble sun-dial in the British Museum. The notch at the top would receive the horizontal gnomon, and then the lines would divide the time of daylight from sunrise to sunset into twelve hours. (Owen Jones.) Fig. 45. Elevation of the portico of the temple of Tentyra. (Denon, pl. 39.) Fig. 50. The name of Claudius, written The king of kings autocrator, Tiberius Fig. 51. The papyrus plant in flower. Fig. 52. A wine jar in which the Greek and Sicilian wines were imported into Alexandria. Fig. 53. View in the interior of the temple of Latopolis. Thebes.) Fig. 54. The hieroglyphical word Year. (Wilkinson's Fig. 55. The name of Nero, written approved by four emperors, beloved by Ra and Amun, autocrator Neroni. Fig. 56. A ship of burden for the voyage between Alexandria and Italy. It has two masts, each carrying a sail, a rudder on each side near the stern, the horse's head of the Phoenicians at the prow, and a shelter for the steersman at the helm. (From the Roman Coins.) Fig. 57. A coin of Malta, bearing Osiris between two winged goddesses. British Museum. Fig. 58. Plan of the temple of Chem on the island of Malta. It is not unlike the plan of the church of St. Vitali at Ravenna, and that of a temple at Canusium, and that of the temple of Minerva Medica in Rome. (Bartlett's Overland Journey.) Fig. 59. A coin of the Island of Cossyra. The female head upon it is ornamented with the sacred snake of the Egyptians fastened to the. forehead. British Museum. Fig. 60. A coin of Nero, bearing the ship in which he sailed. British Museum. Page 131. A knot of water plants, often engraved on the thrones of kings and gods. Fig. 61. A coin of Galba, dated Lukabantos, B, in the second year; with the head of Serapis, being a Jupiter with a basket on his head. Fig. 62. The name of Vespasian, spelt IESPASANAS. Fig. 63. The goddess of the sacred tree pouring wisdom into the mouth of a philosopher, and into the mouth of his soul. (Egypt. Inscrip. 2nd Series, pl. 81.) Fig. 64. The name of Titus, written Autocrator Titus Caisaros. Fig. 65. The name of Domitian, written Autocrator Caisaros Domitianus blessed Germanicus. The word Blessed is written with NT, for NOUTE, followed by a whip, the sceptre of Osiris, as the determinative sign to explain these two letters, which in other places would have another meaning. Fig. 66. The side and back of the mummy of a fish. In Dr. Lee's Museum. It is not impossible that this mummy, though not a modern forgery may contain no fish, but be a false mummy forged by the ancients, (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 67. A triangle representing the trinity of Osiris, Isis, and Horus, as described by Plutarch. From a small stone of the same size. Fig. 68. The infant Horus with a finger to his mouth, and the large lock of hair over his right ear. From a porcelain figure of the same size. At the back is a hole through it, so that it might be worn upon a string like a charm. Fig. 69. Isis nursing the infant Horus on her lap. From a porcelain group of the same size. Fig. 70. A Roman engraved gem with the bust of Harpocrates. Fig. 71. Coins of Domitian, one the front with his head, and three reverses: 1st. Of the year eleven; figure of Hope. 2nd. Of the year nine; a god in form of winged sphinx, holding with one paw the wheel of eternity. 3rd. Of the year eleven; a horse at full gallop, carrying a snake as its rider, being a representation of Death upon a pale horse. Fig. 72. A coin of Nerva with a palm tree, and the words Fisci Judaici Calumnia Sublata; and the letters S C, meaning By the decree of the Senate. In the British Museum. Fig. 73. The name of Trajan, written Autocrator Cæsar Nerva Trajanus blessed Germanicus Dacicus. The D in Dacicus is written with Nt, as it is in the name of Darius in Fig. 180, Vol. I. The R in Nerva is here a hawk, a character which is more usually an A, but sometimes the syllable Hor, for the name of the god Horus, and hence an R. Fig. 74. Six coins of Trajan. In the British Museum: 1st. Of the year seven; the triune god under the form of a winged sphinx, with three faces, holding with one paw the wheel of eternity. 2nd. Of the year fifteen; a sphinx in the form of a crocodile's 3rd. Of the year fifteen; two jars each with the head of a god, 6th. Of the year twelve; a charioteer driving two snakes in place of horses. Fig. 75. A temple in the city of Petra, carved out of the rock, having Corinthian columns of the second century of our era. (Bartlett's Forty Days in the Desert.) Fig. 76. A coin of Trajan's fourteenth year. He is in a chariot drawn by four elephants; Victory offers him a crown. Fig. 77. A coin of Trajan's sixteenth year, on his sailing away from Alexandria. Fig. 78. The name of Hadrian, written Autocrator Caisaros, Trajanus Adrianus blessed. Fig. 79. The restoration of a triumphal arch at Antinoopolis. (Description de l'Egypte, vol iv. pl. 58.) Fig. 80. A coin of the year twenty-one of Hadrian, having on one side the Fig. 83. The astronomical well at Syene; from the mosaic of Præneste. Fig. 86. A Gnostic gem, with a god having a human body and ass's head. Fig. 87. A scarabæus and sun, meaning Horus Ra. Fig. 88. A Gnostic gem, having a god in the form of a sphinx riding on horseback and trampling down the serpent of wickedness. The figure of Victory is offering him a crown. This is the white horse mentioned in Rev. vi. 2, its tail ends with a serpent, like the horses described in Rev. ix. 10. In the British Museum, Fig. 89. A Gnostic gem, with a serpent having a glory round its head. The inscription seems to say to the spirit of death; Hurt me not. In the British Museum. Another Gnostic gem, bearing an armed man with two serpents for his legs and a cock's head. On his shield is written I, A, O. for Jehovah, and around him Abrasax, or Hurt me not, from the Coptic пЄр-c&K. Fig. 90. Six coins of Hadrian's reign. In the British Museum: 1st. Of the year ten, a jar with human head. 2nd. Of the year seven; the serpent of evil with the head of Serapis. 3rd. Of the year eighteen; Horus standing upon an eagle, between the heads of Isis and Serapis. 4th. Of the year eighteen; the busts of Isis and Serapis. 5th. Of the year ten; two crowned serpents; one of Goodness with the swollen chest, and the other of Evil, with the tongue out ready to bite. 6th. Of the year eighteen; two jars with human heads, probably representing the good and evil principle, like the third and fifth. Fig. 91. The name of Antoninus, written Autocrator Caisaros Antoninus Sebastos. The T, S, with which the last word ends, are those with which the feminine names ended in earlier times. Fig. 92. Another of the year two; a bust of Mercury, with a palm branch, a phoenix, to mark the period. British Museum. Fig. 93. A coin of Antoninus dated in his sixth year, with the bird phoenix wearing a glory, and the word Aion to mark the beginning of a new age. In the British Museum. Fig. 94. Four coins of Antoninus. In the British Museum: 1st. Of the year eight; the planet Jupiter in Sagittarius. 3rd. Of the year two; the planet Mercury in Gemini. Fig. 95. Claudius Ptolemy's Astrolabe, drawn from his description of the instrument in the fifth book of his Constructio Magna. Its purpose is to measure the longitude and latitude of the stars and planets. The latitude is measured directly, by the angular distance of the body from the ecliptic circle; and the longitude indirectly, by the difference of longitude between these bodies and the sun. The largest circle but one in the drawing, is the meridian which passes through the pole of the equator and the pole of the ecliptic. To this meridian the ecliptic circle is fixed at right angles, and the intersection of these two circles is the first point of Aries. This meridian is mounted, and revolves on a broken axis which is the pole of the equator, and it carries a second broken axis which is the pole of the ecliptic. To this latter axis an outer and an inner circle are attached, which revolve, and thus mark on the ecliptic their distance in longitude from the meridian circle. To use the astrolabe, the outer circle is moved and clamped to the ecliptic at the degree of the sun's known longitude, and then the instrument is moved on the pole of the equator, till that circle throws no shadow. The inner circle is then moved till the eye, looking along its plane, decides that it hides the centre of the moon. The degree it touches on the ecliptic is then the moon's longitude. Again this inner circle is double, or it carries a second which revolves round their common centre in their common plane, and carries two points to guide the sight. These points are then turned towards the moon, and they thus measure its latitude above or below the ecliptic In the same way the difference of longitude between any other two bodies is measured, and the latitude of one of them. Fig. 96. The name of Aurelius, written Autocrator Caisaros Antoninus, Haroias blessed. Fig. 97. A statue of the god of the Nile, leaning on a sphinx, and holding the horn of plenty in his left arm. Around him are playing sixteen little cupids to mark the sixteen cubits which the river rises. The sphinx has the bust of a woman instead of that of a man, as in earlier days. (Visconti, Museo Pio-Clementino.) Fig. 98. Three coins of Aurelius. In the British Museum: 1st. The full-faced head of Serapis. 2nd. Of the year eighteen; a woman seated, holding in her right hand the scales of justice, and in her left the horn of plenty. 3rd. Of the year twelve; the Pharos lighthouse, by the side of which the goddess Isis is holding up a sail, which is blown towards the lighthouse, and perhaps marks the voyage of the emperor to Alexandria in that year. Fig. 99. Three kinds of Alexandrian handwriting : 1st. Quick writing from a papyrus, written A.D. 138. "In the |