which are not sweet. A large part of the article is devoted to the history of xeiμapos, the plug in a ship's bottom, which is not connected with xeμápp(o)os, as the ancients thought, but comes from xeîua in its earlier sense of storm, the original infection being *χείμαρ, χείματος. Χείμαρος is therefore a formation parallel to "spos, an a vowel appearing as in χίμαιρα from *χιμαρ-ια. Χίμαρος is a new formation after xiuapa, like Sanskrit new formations in -á- to feminines in -. The antithesis to xíuapos is evdíacos, the hole stopped by the plug. Later the words were confused, and Hesychius, Photius, and Suidas gloss evdíacos with Xeíuapos, a confusion like that in the use of the German word spund, which is first the hole and then the plug.

Prof. A. Meillet besides several short articles has an essay entitled 'Sur l'accentuation des noms in Indo-Européen,' in the Mémoires de la Soc. de linguistique.1 It consists mainly of an examination of Lithuanian and Slav accent, with special reference to the law laid down by de Saussure in I. F. Anseiger, vi. 157 ff., that in Lithuanian the accent is regularly shifted from the first syllable if that syllable had the circumflex (geschliffen) accent and was followed by a syllable with the acute (gestossen) accent; laikyti becoming laikýti, but ráižyti suffering no change. The Vedic, Greek, Baltic, and Slav agree in general (p. 79), but the divergences are such that it is impossible to reconstitute in detail the state of things in Indo-European. But (p. 84) when the changes of accent accounted for by de Saussure's law are put on one side, Slavonic is seen to be of the first importance for a knowledge of the shifting of the accent in the Indo-European declension.

Prof. E. W. Fay of the University of Texas argues in the Classical Quarterly for the existence of an Indo-European root dyu (alternating with du and yu) 'iungere,' and its synonymous correlatives dyeu, dya. The same author has written on 'Pada Endings and Pada Suffixes,'3 the Sanskrit 2 Vol. ix., pp. 104-14.

1 Vol. xix., pp. 65-84.

3 Transactions of American Philological Association, xliv. (1913), pp.

107-26.

cases in -bh- and -su when the suffixes are treated for sandhi as if they were separate words. Prof. Fay regards these suffixes as being in origin post-positions, and with su- or sw- as a prefix finds a large number of etymologies which (me judice) are more ingenious than probable. Prof. Sommer has published a large treatise on the Indo-Germanic -ia- and -io- stems in the Baltic languages,1 the subject being suggested by his investigation of these stems for the new edition of his Latin Grammar (see below). Prof. F. Granger writes a valuable article on the influence of the interjection in the development of the sentence.2

4. This year Greek has a smaller, Latin a larger, share in the output than is usual. One of the largest, and also of the most valuable, works that have ever been published on Greek dialects is the new volume by E. Rüsch on the inscriptions of Delphi.3 It has been the work of ten years. Dr Rüsch has had the advantage of the advice and assistance of Dr Pomtow in matters of text as of much else, but has also visited Delphi and collated his readings with the originals. As an appendix he publishes 33 manumission inscriptions dating from 162-136 B.C., two only of which have appeared before. Though at least one more volume is to follow, a working index of four pages, each containing three columns, has been added. The discussions of the phonetic peculiarities of the inscriptions and the bibliographical references are very full. Prof. C. D. Buck makes some valuable corrections in Wilamowitz's discussion of the Aeolic dialect of the periods published in vol. x. of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri, showing that a appears for only when stands in the following syllable, αἰμίονος, αἰμίθεος, and in Αἰσίοδος and the in1 Die idg. -iã- und -io- Stämme im Baltischen,' 12 m. (Abhandlungen d. k. sächs. Gesellschaft d. Wissenschaften).

2 Class. Rev. xxix., pp. 12-18. See also p. 23.

3 Grammatik der delphischen Inschriften, von Edmund Rüsch, i. Band: Lautlehre, 366 pp., Berlin (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung);

4 Class. Phil. x., p. 215 f.

scription αἵμισυς, while ἐπτόαισ' like ἐπέρασε is an instance of a for a. Forms like Aioλídais (nom. sing.) are hyperAeolian, on the analogy of -ais for -avs So are the verb forms mentioned above: paiola apparently follows the 3rd plural paio and paiμ, the latter having a under the influence of in the next syllable. Méμvaiua in the Μέμναιμαι Berlin papyrus apparently follows μuvaloкw. The English editors ought not to have corrected τεοῦτος into τοοῦτος, for four examples are known. There must have been a form τελος beside τοῖος, just as in Cretan τεῖος, ἔτειος beside the usual ποῖος, ὁποῖος. A more surprising statement as regards Doric Greek is made by Professor George Hempl, well known by his studies in the history of the alphabet, and his attempt (very unsuccessful in the opinion of most people) to decipher the Phaestos disc (Harper's Magazine, 1911, p. 122 ff). In the Transactions of the American Philological Association for 1913, he prints an abstract1 from a forthcoming volume, Old Doric before the Exodus. Amongst the Tell-el-Amarna documents are two letters which have been the cause of much speculation. The more important is a letter from Tarquondorous, king of Arzama or Arzawa, to Amenophis III. of Egypt, who died about 1380 B.C. According to Hempl, the shorter letter is really a song of triumph in honour of the exploits of one Lappaeus. The end of the more important document is transliterated as follows:-Li-il-hu-mi nian sag-[an] duši. Ka-a-aš-ma-ta up-pa-ah-hu-un I su-ha se-li-ia azag-gi-ru dmq-an-ta. This converted into Doric is Δελχωμι (= λελάχοιμι) νιαν σαγαν δοσι(ν). Κοσματα ὑπαγον εν ζυγο(ν) σηλια (χλωρου TUXOVTα, and in English (Hempl's spelling is phonetic), 'I should like to get new armour as a gift. By the commissioner I (have) sent a pair of vessels of gold full weight.' There is a space of 700 years between this and any other known Doric, and criticism is difficult. Some of the vocabulary is surprisingly modern. The sentiment of the first sentence

1 The Old Doric of the Tell-el-Amarna Texts' (T.A.P.A. 1913, pp. 185-214).

2

5

is more like a Dorian than that of the second. Other matters are for the historian. In the Proceedings1 in the same volume H. C. Tolman finds in Yaunā takabarā of a Darius inscription, Shield- (i.e. Petasos) wearing Ionians.' Why not σakeo pópot? Dialect syntax has been taken up with much zeal in Germany. Dr F. Slotty has written a workmanlike essay on the use of the Conjunctive and Optative in the Greek dialects. The part which has appeared is limited to their use in the principal sentence. O. Lagercrantz discusses the vase inscription xâɩpe kai miei. He regards it as a case of parataxis, and takes wie as a future.8 Mr Scutt has completed his study of the Tsakonian dialect by publishing with a translation a number of folk-tales which he had collected in the district where Tsakonian is still spoken. In the third fasciculus of the Mémoires de la Soc. de Linguistique Prof. Meillet discusses in an essay of eleven pages the history of the Greek consonants and their change from stops to spirants. He rightly argues that the philologist has not finished his task when he has pointed out that something of this kind has happened; he has also to search for the causes. In Greek the reason was that the closure of the breath passage was weak in voiced and aspirated stops but more so in some dialects than others, those where it was weakest changing the stops earliest into spirants. A similar weakening in the energy of articulation is seen in Iranian, Celtic, and Armenian. In fasciculus ii., D. Barbelenet argues that Herodotus' treatment of yivouac differs entirely from his treatment of eiui, the value of which, according to its position with relation to subject and attribute in the sentence, the author had discussed in a separate publication (1913). F. A. Wright connects opxaμos with opxos and 1 T.A.P.A. 1913, pp. liii-v.

6

2 Forschungen zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik, herausgegeben von P. Kretschmer und W. Kroll, 3 Heft; 5 m.

3 Eranos, xlv., p. 97 ff. (Göteborg).

4 B.S.A. xx., pp. 18-31. See also p. 131.

5 Vol. xix.

6 Class. Rev. xxix., p. 111.

W. F. Witton1 derives Tóλeμos and Tóλis from the root οἱ πόλος, τέλλω, and explains the forms with r- as arising from a confusion of the two initial sounds arising from q*. In Glotta O. Immisch discusses from the linguistic side the butterfly representing the soul, and the etymology of φάλλαινα, σκῆνος, κάμπη, νεκύδαλ(λ)ος. L. Radermacher 3 discusses the verb inflection: conjunctive δῶι, δοῖ, δῴη, optative δοίη, δοῖ, δόη, δώτη, δῶι, etc. Kretschmer propounds the somewhat unlikely view that Adonis is a Greek name (from adeîv) of a prae-Greek god. H. Petersson, in discussing the Sanskrit words in -amba, deals with important Greek words ἴαμβος, διθύραμβος, etc. W. v. d. Osten-Sacken 5 discusses Hirt's explanation of the Idg. -es- stems. W. Petersen writes on the origin of the Exocentrica (compounds the meaning of which depends on some substantive conception outside themselves and are thus distinguished from the Esocentrica, which are not so conditioned). Some are onomatopoetic-Toy is formed from ἐποπο. Some are formed from a word-group or phrase-KELTOÚKELTOS, because the grammarian so named asked κεῖται ἢ οὐ κεῖται; ̔Αμαδρυαδες, etc. Or names are given after some conspicuous part-pododákтvλos, angui-pes ; or from something belonging to the person named, Avλos, Θώραξ, κροκόπεπλος, Χαλκίοικος ; or from residence or neighbourhood, Alyiaλós; or, finally, from abstract properties, Ευρυσθενής, ποδήνεμος, sollers. There is an appendix on exocentric adjectives (1) with verbal first element: ἀρχέκακος, ἑλκεσίπεπλος; (2) of the type of ἔνθεος ; (3) compounds involving a governing preposition. E. Herrmann7 discusses the apocope of Greek prepositions, and E. Kieckers $ the oratio recta in the Indo-Germanic languages. Brugmann writes on some noun forms belonging to ovívnu.

1 Class. Rev. xxviii., p. 288.

3 Glotta, vii., pp. 21-28.

Op. cit., p. 249 ff.

7 Op. cit., p. 338 ff.

2 vi., pp. 193-205.

Indog. Forsch. xxxiv., p. 222 ff.
Op. cit., p. 254 ff.

8 Op. cit., xxxv., pp. 1-93.

9 Op. cit., pp. 94-97.