every duty. We are called upon as members of this House, as men, as Christian men, to protest against such notions, standing near the throne, polluting the ear of Majesty. "That God and Nature put into our hands!" 1 I know not what ideas that Lord may entertain of God and Nature; but I know that such abominable principles are equally abhorrent to religion and humanity.

What! attribute the sacred sanction of God and Nature to the massacres of the Indian scalping knife, to the cannibal savage, torturing, murdering, roasting, and eating, —literally, my Lords, eating, the mangled victims of his barbarous battles! Such horrible notions shock every precept of religion revealed or natural, and every generous feeling of humanity; and, my Lords, they shock every sentiment of honor; they shock me as a lover of honorable war and a detester of murderous barbarity.

These abominable principles, and this more abominable avowal of them, demand the most decisive indignation. I call upon the Right Reverend Bench, those holy ministers of the Gospel and pious pastors of our Church, I conjure them to join in the holy work, and to vindicate the religion of their God. I appeal to the wisdom and the law of this Learned Bench to defend and support the justice of their country. I call upon the bishops to interpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn, upon the learned judges to interpose the purity of their ermine, to save us from this pollution. I call upon the honor of your Lordships to reverence the dignity of your ancestors, and to maintain your own. I call upon the spirit and humanity of my country to vindicate the national character. I invoke the genius of the Constitution.

From the tapestry that adorns these walls the immortal ancestor of this noble Lord frowns with indignation at the disgrace of his country! In vain he led your victorious fleets against the boasted Armada of Spain; in vain he defended and established the honor, the liberties, the religion, the Protestant religion of his country,against the arbitrary cruelties of Popery and the Inquisition, if these worse than popish and inquisitorial practices are let loose

1 Lord Suffolk, one of the Secretaries of State, defending the employment of Indians in the American war, had declared, in the House of Lords, that "it was perfectly justifiable to use all the means that God and Nature put into our hands."

amongst us, to turn forth into our settlements, among our ancient friends and relations, the merciless cannibal, thirsting for the blood of man, woman, and child.

To send forth the infidel savage, against whom? Against your Protestant brethren! to lay waste their country, to desolate their dwellings, and extirpate their race and name with these horrible hellhounds of savage war! - hellhounds, I say, of savage war! Spain armed herself with bloodhounds to extirpate the wretched natives of America; and we improve on the inhuman example of even Spanish cruelty: we turn loose these savage hellhounds against our brethren and countrymen in America, of the same language, laws, liberties, and religion, endeared to us by every tie that should sanctify humanity.

My Lords, this awful subject, so important to our honor, our Constitution, and our religion, demands the most solemn and effectual inquiry. And I again call upon your Lordships, and the united powers of the state, to examine it thoroughly and decisively, and to stamp upon it an indelible stigma of the public abhorrence. And I again implore those holy prelates of our religion to do away these iniquities from among us. Let them perform a lustration; let them purify this House and this country from this sin.

My Lords, I am old and weak, and at present unable to say more; but my feelings and my indignation were too strong to have said less. I could not have slept this night in my bed, or have reposed my head on my pillow, without giving this vent to my eternal abhorrence of such preposterous and enormous principles.

SECTION VII. PECTORAL QUALITY

The Pectoral is a deep, hollow, sepulchral Quality, with the resonance in the lower part of the chest. Under the emotion appropriate to this Quality the glottis is opened as wide as will admit of vocalization, the larynx is lowered, and the reënforcing vibrations are confined to the spongy cavities of the lungs, producing a veiled, hollow, half-whispered chest tone. It is heard in nature in the deepest groan of sorrow, the apprehensive

tones of dread or horror, the most solemn utterances of spiritual devotion, the lowest notes of a large pipe organ, and in the rumbling sounds of an earthquake or an active volcano. It is never used except under the influence of the strongest emotions, and belongs distinctly to the Emotive division of the triune nature. In expression it is the language of deepest solemnity, awe, veneration, dread, amazement, and horror.

Selection illustrating Pectoral.

NOTE. In the scene used to illustrate this element, the student should note the words and phrases most expressive of amazement and horror, and color them with Pectoral in expression. We have underscored a few such in the beginning.

THE DAGGER SCENE FROM "MACBETH"

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

Macbeth. Go bid thy mistress, when my drink is ready,
She strike upon the bell. Get thee to bed. [Exit Servant
Is this a dagger which I see before me,

The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee: -
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.

Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible

To feeling as to sight? or art thou but

A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?
I see thee yet, in form as palpable

As this which now I draw.

Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going;
And such an instrument I was to use.

Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses,
Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still, -
And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood,
Which was not so before. There's no such thing:
It is the bloody business which informs

Thus to mine eyes. Now o'er the one half-world
Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse

The curtain'd sleep; now witchcraft celebrates
Pale Hecate's offerings, and wither'd murder,
Alarum'd by his sentinel, the wolf,

Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace,
With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards, his design
Moves like a ghost. Thou sure and firm-set earth,
Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear
The very stones prate of my whereabout,

And take the present horror from the time,
Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives:
Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.

I go, and it is done; the bell invites me.
Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.

[A bell rings.

SECTION VIII. ASPIRATE QUALITY

The Aspirate is a hissing, breathy, whispered Quality, the resonance of which varies somewhat according to the position in which the vocal organs and resonant cavities are held. It is heard in the secret whisper of all peoples, the escape of steam, and the hissing sound of the volcano in eruption. As a distinct Quality it is the unvocalized whisper which may be given in different degrees of intensity, in which case the resonance is confined to the cavities of the mouth. But the Aspirate, when partly vocalized, may combine with and color the tone and expression of all the other Qualities, which gives it a wide range of resonance and significance. For example, the resonance of an aspirated Normal would be in the back part of the mouth, that of an aspirated Orotund in the chest, and that of the aspirated Guttural in the upper part of the throat. This aspiration of any given Quality always adds to the emotive significance of that Quality; it is the intensity of the emotion that forces out more breath than can be vocalized, thus producing

aspiration. This Quality, then, plainly belongs to the Emotive class. Its use in elocution ranges from the gentlest whisper expressing the merest secrecy or caution to the intensest fear, terror, or consternation.

Selection illustrating the Aspirate.

NOTE. An appreciation of the secrecy and intense fear portrayed in the following selection will enable the student to apply the Aspirate Quality in expression throughout the scene.

THE MURDER SCENE FROM "MACBETH"

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

Lady Macbeth. That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold;

What hath quench'd them hath given me fire. Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman,

Which gives the stern'st good-night. He is about it:

The doors are open; and the surfeited grooms

Do mock their charge with snores: I've drugg'd their possets,
That death and nature do contend about them,

Whether they live or die.

Macbeth. [Within] Who's there? what, ho!
Lady M. Alack, I am afraid they have awaked,
And 'tis not done. Th' attempt and not the deed
Confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready;
He could not miss 'em. Had he not resembled
My father as he slept, I had done't. My husband!

Enter MACBETH

Mach. I have done the deed! Didst thou not hear a noise?

Lady M. I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.

Did not you speak?

Mach. When?

Lady M. Now.

Macb. As I descended?

Lady M. Ay.