Biological Control of Arthropod Forest Pests of the Western United States: A Review and Recommendations |
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Abies adult Alaska Apanteles Ashmead attack Bacillus thuringiensis bark beetles Berisford 1979 biological control biological control program Bracon British Columbia Canadian Entomologist Carolin and Coulter Choristoneura Coleophora Coleoptera Cresson Cushman defoliation Dendroctonus Douglas-fir Dowden eggs Eikenbary and Fox endemic epidemic Freeman and Berisford frustrana Furniss and Carolin Furniss and Dowden Hajek and Dahlsten hosts and damage Hymenoptera impact infestations insect introduced Invertebrate Invertebrate Parasitoids Invertebrate Predators Itoplectis Kearby and Taylor Lambdina lambertiana larch larvae Larvae feed Lepidoptera Mason and Torgersen McKnight mortality moth native natural enemies NATURAL ENEMY SPECIES needles North America numbers Oregon outbreaks parasitism parasitoids pathogens pest species Pest Status pheromones Picea pini Pinus Plant hosts ponderosa population dynamics Prentice Provancher Range in North Recommendations reported Rhyacionia buoliana role of natural sawfly Scambus Scolytus Smits van Burgst spruce Table Tetrastichus Torgersen 1983 Mason Torgersen and Beckwith Tortricidae Trichogramma tsugae Underhill 1943 univoltine Viereck virus Warren Watson and Arthur