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interest, additions to tax, or penalties, on account of compensation received by such individual prior to January 1, 1939, for personal service as an officer or employee of the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof. In making such determination the Secretary of the Treasury shall disregard the taxation of officers and employees of any corporate agency or instrumentality which is not exempt from Federal income taxation, or which if so exempt is one (a) a majority of the stock of which is not owned by or on behalf of the United States and (b) the power to appoint or select majority of the board of directors of which is not exercisable by or on behalf of the United States. (Apr. 12, 1939, Title II, sec. 208, 53 Stat. 576; 26 U. S. C., sec. 22 note.)

1477-10. "Officer or employee" defined. For the purposes of this Act, the term "officer or employee" includes a member of a legislative body and a judge or officer of a court. (Apr. 12, 1939, Title II, sec. 210, 53 Stat. 577; 26 U. S. C., sec. 22 note.)

1477-11. Separability clause.-If either title of this Act, or the application thereof to any person or circumstances, is held invalid, the other title of the Act shall not be affected thereby. (Apr. 12, 1939, Title II, sec. 211, 53 Stat. 577; 26 U. S. C., sec. 22 note.)

1477-12. Income tax; individual returns.

(a) REQUIREMENT.-The following individuals shall each make under oath a return stating specifically the items of his gross income and the deductions and credits allowed under this chapter and such other information for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this chapter as the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary may by regulations prescribe

(1) Every individual who is single or who is married but not living with husband or wife, if having a gross income for the taxable year of $800 or over.

(2) Every individual who is married and living with husband or wife, if no joint return is made under subsection (b) and if— (A) Such individual has for the taxable year a gross income of $2,000 or over, and the other spouse has no gross income; or (B) Such individual and his spouse each has for the taxable year a gross income and the aggregate gross income is $2,000 or over. (b) HUSBAND AND WIFE.-In the case of a husband and wife living together the income of each (even though one has no gross income) may be included in a single return made by them jointly, in which case the tax shall be computed on the aggregate income, and the liability with respect to the tax shall be joint and several. No joint return may be made if either the husband or wife is a nonresident alien.

(c) PERSONS UNDER DISABILITY.-If the taxpayer is unable to make his own return, the return shall be made by a duly authorized agent or by the guardian or other person charged with the care of the person or property of such taxpayer.

(d) SIGNATURE PRESUMED CORRECT.-The fact that an individual's name is signed to a filed return shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that the return was actually signed by him.

(e) FIDUCIARIES.

For returns to be made by fiduciaries, see section 142, 53 Stat. 60.

Feb. 10, 1939, Title I, Part V, sec. 51, Internal Revenue Code, 53 Stat. 27; June 25, 1940, sec. 7 (a), 54 Stat. 519.

1477-13. Same; time and place for filing returns.—

(a) TIME FOR FILING.

(1) GENERAL RULE.-Returns made on the basis of the calendar year shall be made on or beofre the 15th day of March following the close of the calendar year. Returns made on the basis of a fiscal year shall be made on or before the 15th day of the third month following the close of the fiscal year.

(2) EXTENSION OF TIME.-The Commissioner may grant a reasonable extension of time for filing returns, under such rules and regulations as he shall prescribe with the approval of the Secretary. Except in the case of taxpayers who are abroad, no such extension shall be for more than six months.

(b) To WHOM RETURN MADE.

(1) INDIVIDUALS.-Returns (other than corporation returns) shall be made to the collector for the district in which is located the legal residence or principal place of business of the person making the return, or, if he has no legal residence or principal place of business in the United States, then to the collector at Baltimore, Maryland. (2) CORPORATIONS.-Returns of corporations shall be made to the collector of the district in which is located the principal place of business or principal office or agency of the corporation, or, if it has no principal place of business or principal office or agency in the United States, then to the collector at Baltimore, Md. (Feb. 10, 1939, Title I, Part V, sec. 53, Internal Revenue Code, 53 Stat. 28.)

1477-14. Same; records and special returns.

(a) BY TAXPAYER.-Every person liable to any tax imposed by this chapter or for the collection thereof, shall keep such records, render under oath such statements, make such returns, and comply with such rules and regulations, as the Comissioner, with the approval of the Secretary, may from time to time prescribe.

(b) TO DETERMINE LIABILITY TO TAX.-Whenever in the judgment of the Commissioner necessary he may require any person, by notice served upon him, to make a return, render under oath such statements, or keep such records, as the Commissioner deems sufficient to show whether or not such person is liable to tax under this chapter.

(d) COPIES OF RETURNS.-If any person, required by law or regulations made pursuant to law to file a copy of any income return for any taxable year, fails to file such copy at the time required, there shall be due and assessed against such person $5 in the case of an individual return or $10 in the case of a fiduciary, partnership, or corporation return, and the collector with whom the return is filed shall prepare such copy. Such amount shall be collected and paid, without interest, in the same manner as the amount of tax due in excess of that shown by the taxpayer upon a return in the case of a mathematical error appearing on the face of the return. Copies of returns filed or prepared pursuant to this subsection shall remain on file for a period of not less than two years from the date they are required to be filed, and may be destroyed at any time thereafter under the direction of the Commissioner. * * * (Feb. 10, 1939, Title I, Part V, sec. 54, Internal Revenue Code, 53 Stat. 28.)

1477-15. Same; time for making payment.

(a) TIME OF PAYMENT.-The total amount of tax imposed by this chapter shall be paid on the fifteenth day of March following the close of the calendar year, or, if the return should be made on the basis of a fiscal year, then on the fifteenth day of the third month following the close of the fiscal year.

(b) INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS.-The taxpayer may elect to pay the tax in four equal installments, in which case the first installment shall be paid on the date prescribed for the payment of the tax by the taxpayer, the second installment shall be paid on the fifteenth day of the third month, the third installment on the fifteenth day of the sixth month, and the fourth installment on the fifteenth day of the ninth month, after such date. If any installment is not paid on or before the date fixed for its payment, the whole amount of the tax unpaid shall be paid upon notice and demand from the collector.

(c) EXTENSION OF TIME FOR PAYMENT.

(1) GENERAL RULE.-At the request of the taxpayer, the Commissioner may extend the time for payment of the amount determined as the tax by the taxpayer, or any installment thereof, for a period not to exceed six months from the date prescribed for the payment of the tax or an installment thereof. In such case the amount in respect of which the extension is granted shall be paid on or before the date of the expiration of the period of the extension.

*

(Feb. 10, 1939, Title I, Part V, sec. 56; Internal Revenue Code, 53 Stat. 31.)

1477-16. Tax exemption of certain Federal Employees' Organizations.— (19) Voluntary employees' beneficiary associations providing for the payment of life, sick, accident, or other benefits to the members of such association or their dependents or their designated beneficiaries, if (A) admission to membership in such association is limited to individuals who are officers or employees of the United States Government, and (B) no part of the net earnings of such association inures (other than through such payments) to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. (May 28, 1938, sec. 101, 52 Stat. 480; Feb. 10, 1939, 53 Stat. 33; as amended June 29, 1939, Title II, sec. 217, 53 Stat. 876; 26 U. S. C., sec. 101 (19).)

1477-17. Commodity credit loans.-(a) Amounts received as loans from the Commodity Credit Corporation shall, at the election of the taxpayer, be considered as income and shall be included in gross income for the taxable year in which received.

(b) If a taxpayer exercises the election provided for in subsection (a) for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1938, then the method of computing income so adopted shall be adhered to with respect to all subsequent taxable years unless with the approval of the Commissioner a change to a different method is authorized. (Added June 29, 1939, Title II, sec. 223 (a), 53 Stat. 879; 26 U. S. C., sec. 123.)

FILLED CHEESE

1528-1. Definition of "filled cheese". That for the purpose of this Act certain substances and compounds shall be known and designated

as "filled cheese," namely: All substances made of milk or skimmed milk, with the admixture of butter, animal oils or fats, vegetable or any other oils, or compounds foreign to such milk, and made in imitation or semblance of cheese. Substances and compounds, consisting principally of cheese with added edible oils, which are not sold as cheese or as substitutes for cheese but are primarily useful for imparting a natural cheese flavor to other foods shall not be considered "filled cheese" within the meaning of this Act. (June 6, 1896, sec. 2, 29 Stat. 253; May 28, 1938, sec. 706, 52 Stat. 571; 26 U. S. C., sec. 2350.)

JUDICIAL CODE AND JUDICIARY

THE COURT OF CLAIMS

1541a. Certification; certiorari; no other review.-(b) In any case in the Court of Claims, including those begun under section 180 of the Judicial Code, it shall be competent for the Supreme Court, upon the petition of either party, whether Government or claimant, to require, by certiorari, that the cause be certified to it for review and determination of all errors assigned, with the same power and authority, and with like effect, as if the cause had been brought there by appeal. In such event, the Court of Claims shall include in the papers certified by it the findings of fact, the conclusions of law, and the judgment or decree, as well as such other parts of the record as are material to the errors assigned, to be settled by the Court.

The Court of Claims shall promulgate rules to govern the preparation of such record in accordance with the provisions of this section. In such cases the Supreme Court shall have authority to review, in addition to other questions of law, errors assigned to the effect that there is a lack of substantial evidence to sustain a finding of fact; that an ultimate finding or findings are not sustained by the findings of evidentiary or primary facts; or that there is a failure to make any finding of fact on a material issue. (Feb. 13, 1925, sec. 3, 43 Stat. 939; May 22, 1939, 53 Stat. 752; 28 U. S. C., sec. 288.)

THE SUPREME COURT

1543-1. Direct appeal to Supreme Court; constitutionality of Federal statute. In any suit or proceeding in any court of the United States to which the United States, or any agency thereof, or any officer or employee thereof, as such officer or employee, is a party, or in which the United States has intervened and become a party, and in which the decision is against the constitutionality of any Act of Congress, an appeal may be taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States by the United States or any other party to such suit or proceeding upon application therefor or notice thereof within thirty days after the entry of a final or interlocutory judgment, decree, or order; and in the event that any such appeal is taken, any appeal or cross-appeal by any party to the suit or proceeding taken previously, or taken within sixty days after notice of an appeal under this section, shall also be or be treated as taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States. In the event that an appeal is taken under this section, the record shall be made up and the case docketed

in the Supreme Court of the United States within sixty days from the time such appeal is allowed, under such rules as may be prescribed by the proper courts. Appeals under this section shall be heard by the Supreme Court of the United States at the earliest possible time and shall take precedence over all other matters not of à like character. This section shall not be construed to be in derogation of any right of direct appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States under existing provisions of law. (Aug. 24, 1937, sec. 2, 50 Stat. 752; 28 U. S. C., sec. 349a.)

PROVISIONS COMMON TO MORE THAN ONE COURT

1544-1. Application for hearing; appeal to the Supreme Court; constitutionality of Federal statute.-No interlocutory or permanent injunction suspending or restraining the enforcement, operation, or execution of, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any Act of Congress upon the ground that such Act or any part thereof is repugnant to the Constitution of the United States shall be issued or granted by any district court of the United States, or by any judge thereof, or by any circuit judge acting as district judge, unless the application for the same shall be presented to a circuit or district judge, and shall be heard and determined by three judges, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge. When any such application is presented to a judge, he shall immediately request the senior circuit judge (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge) of the circuit in which such district court is located to designate two other judges to participate in hearing and determining such application. It shall be the duty of the senior circuit judge or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately two other judges from such circuit for such purpose, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to participate in such hearing and determination. Such application shall not be heard or determined before at least five days' notice of the hearing has been given to the Attorney General and to such other persons as may be defendants in the suit: Provided, That if of opinion that irreparable loss or damage would result to the petitioner unless a temporary restraining order is granted, the judge to whom the application is made may grant such temporary restraining order at any time before the hearing and determination of the application, but such temporary restraining order shall remain in force only until such hearing and determination upon notice as aforesaid, and such temporary restraining order shall contain a specific finding, based upon evidence submitted to the court making the order and identified by reference thereto, that such irreparable loss or damage would result to the petitioner and specifying the nature of the loss or damage. The said court may, at the time of hearing such application, upon a like finding, continue the temporary stay or suspension, in whole or in part, until decision upon the application. The hearing upon any such application for an interlocutory or permanent injunction shall be given precedence and shall be in every way expedited and be assigned for a hearing at the earliest practicable day. An appeal may be taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States upon application therefor or notice thereof within thirty days after the entry of the order, decree, or judgment granting or denying, after notice and hear

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