of Gardthausen's Griechische Palaeographic. The former work is a revised enlargement of the same writer's wellknown Handbook, and in no section is the scientific advance so marked as in the two chapters dealing with papyri, which have been to a considerable extent rewritten. They give a well-considered outline, accompanied by an excellent series of photographic reproductions, of the present state of knowledge on the subject. Gardthausen's work is naturally much more elaborate-except in the matter of facsimilesand in points of detail will be found indispensable; but the criticism passed in this article two years ago upon the first volume applies equally to the second. Though displaying much erudition and research, the treatise, so far as papyri are concerned, is not the fruit of a first-hand study of originals and cannot always be depended upon. For example, in his discussion of the hand of the Codex Sinaiticus, the author has fallen into a lamentable confusion of an Oxyrhynchus with a Rylands papyrus. It is not the former but the latter which has on the verso the dated letter of Heroninus, whose correspondence, as anyone really familiar with papyri would be aware, was found in the Fayûm, not at Oxyrhynchus. In this connection mention may be made of Dr Loew's palaeographical study of the Codex Bezae, which, partly by the aid of evidence from Egypt, he appears to succeed in showing to have been written in a Greek centre, not, as usually supposed, in the West (so e.g., Thompson, pp. 209, 270; Gardthausen, ii., p. 199).

2

Monographs based on the papyri continue to multiply. An elaborate treatise by J. Maspero on the military organisation of Egypt in the Byzantine age3 will form a welcome supplement to the researches of Lesquier for the Ptolemaic and Roman epochs. Another considerable volume is that of G. Semeka on the judicial administration 1 Leipzig (Veit), 1913. See also p. 89.

2 Cf. Journal of Theological Studies, xiv., 55, pp. 385-8.

3 Organisation militaire de l'Égypte byzantine, Paris (Champion), 1912.

of the Ptolemaic period.1 A. Steiner has begun a study of the Ptolemaic Treasury,2 and the first half of a work dealing with clubs and associations under the Ptolemies and Romans has been published by M. San Nicolò. The data concerning lease of house property have been collected by A. Berger. A serviceable inquiry into the various honorific titles found in papyri has been undertaken by A. Zehetmair in a dissertation for a doctorate, and F. Oertel discusses liturgies in a treatise prepared for a similar occasion, but designed to form a chapter in a comprehensive work. Papyri contribute comparatively little to D. Cohen's investigation of the magistrates in the Ptolemaic dependencies, and his handling of such material as exists is not always judicious.-This list, which does not aim at completeness, will sufficiently indicate the uses to which the new evidence is being put.

6

The excavations of the Graeco-Roman branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund were suspended last year, but will be resumed, it is hoped, in the coming season at the important site of Antinoë. No striking results obtained by other explorers have been announced. The reports

The

referred to in our last issue, of a large find of Greek rolls in Upper Egypt, proved be greatly to exaggerated. overdue Oxyrhynchus volume, which is to contain, among other novelties, considerable though much - mutilated fragments of Sappho and Alcaeus, may be expected towards the end of the year.

1 Ptolemäisches Prozessrecht, München (Beck), 1913.

A. S. HUNT.

2 Der Fiskus der Ptolemäer 1, Leipzig and Berlin (Teubner), 1913. 3 Ägyptisches Vereinswesen zur Zeit der Ptolemäer und Römer, München (Beck), 1913.

4 Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, xxix., 3.

5 De appellationibus honorificis in papyris graecis obviis, Marburg (Noske), 1912.

Die Liturgie, Leipzig, 1912.

7 De magistratibus Aegyptiis externas Lagidarum regni provincias administrantibus,

X

GREEK PALAEOGRAPHY AND TEXTUAL

CRITICISM

THE new Palaeographical Society in its last fascicule (Part x., 1912) offers one minuscule plate, namely, Burney 49, anno 1430, in the handwriting of Constantine Yiaλéas. The editors notice its peculiarity of writing the sign of interrogation instead of ;. Its gigantic quires (eight sheets) must surely hold the record. Five is not uncommon at the Renaissance. There are still scribes of whose writing we have no facsimile. The most important, perhaps, is Giorgio Valla of Piacenza, whose large flaccid hand is unfortunately not represented at Paris, and has therefore missed M. Omont's collection. The only dated MS. by him is at Modena. A scribe of the sixteenth century has been illustrated in an interesting monograph by Sig. Emidio Martini.1 This personage, who signs Camillus Venetus, Camillus, Κάμιλλος Γιάνετος, Βαρθολομαῖος Βριξιανός, was in fact, Camillo Bartolomeo de' Zanetti Bresciano, o più propriamente da Castrezzato o Casterzago, piccola borgata del Bresciano.' He was born about 1490, and for the first sixty years of his life printed books. In his old age he embraced the profession of Darmarius, and produced in a neat round hand abundant MSS., many of which, having first formed the library of Pinelli, are now in the Ambrosiana.

1 Chi era il copista CAMILLO VENETO? Nota letta alla R. Accademia di Archeologia Lettere e Belle Arti di Napoli (Estratto dagli Atti R. Accademia, Nuova Serie, vol. ii., 1910), Napoli, 1913. Four facsimiles.

To return to facsimiles, a modest collection of twenty-four plates has been published by Dr Franz Steffens.1 The MSS. are all dated; many have been reproduced before, others appear to be new, and come from the Ambrosiana and the Vatican. No. 11 (Ambr. B. 56 sup.) is a good example of a plain Italo-Greek hand, but the two most interesting specimens are No. 12 (a deed of gift, anno 1053) and No. 16 (a sale, anno 1257), both from La Cava. The former is very unlike the bookhand of the period, and is written perhaps by an Italian; there is no distinction between the latter and the bookhand. Mediaeval Greek archives are too little studied.

2

3

Illuminations in MSS. have been reproduced by M. Omont and Professor Heiberg. The MS. supplément grec 1335, s. xii., a recent addition to the Bibliothèque Nationale, contains thirty-one miniatures. They are unusually realistic, especially that (f. 327) which depicts Miriam and two other Israelitish women in gowns with longpointed sleeves dancing, above ὠδὴ μωυσέος ἐν τῆ ἐξόδω. M. Omont compares the style of art with that of Vat. 752. Professor Heiberg has unearthed in the public school at Horsen, Jütland, a copy of the Gospels of s. x. It contains pictures of s. xv., and in a hand of the same century, a catalogue of the books and treasures of the convent Mηdikiov in Bithynia, where the MS. may have been written. The town of Xanthi in Thrace possessed, and we may hope still possesses, two convents, one of the IIavayía 'Apxayyedıώτισσα, another of the Παναγία Καλαμώ. The former contains thirty-three late ecclesiastical MSS., the latter ten. They have been carefully catalogued by the Πρωτοσύγκελλος

1 Proben aus griechischen Handschriften und Urkunden. 24 Tafeln in Lichtdruck zur erster Einführung in die griechische Palaeographie für Philologen und Historiker; Trier, 1912.

2 Un nouveau manuscrit grec des Evangiles et du Psautier illustré Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Comptes rendus des

Séances de l'année 1912.

3 Ein griechische Evangeliar; Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 1911, 489

2

1

Χρυσόστομος Χατζῆ Σταύρου. Monsieur Νίκος Α. Βέης gives particulars of two MSS. at Kalavryta in the convent Toû μeɣáλov σñηλalov, namely, No. 64, s. xv., Soph. Aj. El., Eur. Hec. Or., and No. 161, s. xviii., Soph. Aj. Eur. Hec. Or., etc.; at Zante a more important MSS., viz., Stephanus of Byzantium, s. xiv.-xv.; at Andritsaina a Theodoretus, εἰς τὰ ἄπορα τῆς θείας γραφῆς, anno 1552, written in Paris, and as the writer believes by Constantine Palaeocappa.

This may be the place to congratulate Dr Montague James on his catalogue of Cambridge College libraries, which represent the last word in this laborious art. The list, which may possibly be incomplete, runs (to add to it Eton and the Fitzwilliam Museum): 1895, King's,3 Jesus, Eton, Sidney,3 Fitzwilliam; 1899, Peterhouse; 1900, Trinity; 1904, Emmanuel; 1905, Pembroke, Queens', Clare, Christ's; 1907, Gonville and Caius; 1909, Magdalene. The Corpus catalogue was not available at the moment these notes were written.

By no means all of these societies possess Greek MSS. Queens', Clare, Christ's, Sidney, and King's contain one to three each; Caius, Emmanuel, and Trinity, a handful (Caius, late Galens and Hippocrates, gifts of Dr Caius; Emmanuel, some late poets), but Providence has not blessed Cambridge in this respect, and the Codex Bezae in the University Library, the Gale Photius at Trinity, and an Epistles at Emmanuel (No. 110) are all that can be called treasures. The University is rich in adversaria; the papers or notes of Barnes, Bentley, Casaubon, Dobree, G. Hermann, J. Taylor, Valckenaer, are to be found in the University Library or the Colleges.

In 1893 Sir Edward Maunde Thompson published his well-known Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography

1 Byz. Zeitschr. 1912, 65 sqq.

2 The library contains 100 MSS.; a catalogue thereof, ignored by Gardthausen, was published at Zante in 1889 by Aewvida Zún. 3 These are omitted by Gardthausen (1903).