Memorab.; Demosthenes, De Pace; Hippocrates, Epidem.; Soranus, Gynaec.), having little practical value.

A volume of Halle papyri,1 of which more will be said below, gives as an appendix a few small literary pieces, including an unidentified late epic fragment, the ends of some lines probably of Sappho, a scrap of Homer, of the Ptolemaic age, with a departure from the vulgate in 1. 346, and some fragments of Aeschines, c. Timarchum, which, as usual with papyri of that author, have some textual value. In the Sappho papyrus the interlinear signs which have puzzled the editors are merely marks of quantity, elision, etc., such as are commonly found in lyrical texts. Another minor collection of miscellaneous literary pieces at Marburg,2 edited by E. Schaefer, is comparatively unimportant, including nothing better than a few broken lines of Iliad A, mutilated scholia on Iliad A, and astrological and grammatical fragments. Some small pieces in the Heidelberg collection,3 from the cartonnage of a mummy, have thrown a new light on Chares, from whom a few citations of a didactic character occur in Stobaeus. Chares has commonly been regarded as a late tragedian, and figures as such in Nauck's Fragmenta; recently, however, his work was characterised by Wilamowitz as 'Spruchdichtung,' a judgment confirmed by the Heidelberg papyrus, which offers remains of a gnomic poem in iambics, including a coincidence with Chares, Fr. 2. Chares now appears as the source of several lines found in the so-called Menandrean Monosticha. A collation of a very large and well-preserved Homeric papyrus in the Pierpont Morgan library has been published by WilamowitzMöllendorff and G. Plaumann.5 The MS., a codex in a cursive script of about the year A.D. 300, contains Iliad A-II; 1 Dikaiomata (Pap. Hal. 1) mit einem Anhang, von der Graeca Halensis, Berlin (Weidmann), 1913.

2 Papyri landanae, fasc. 1, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912.

3 Xápηros гvŵμai, G. A. Gerhard (Sitzungsb. Heidelberger Akad., Phil. hist. Kl. 1912, Abh. 13).

4 Hermes, xxxiv., p. 609.

5 Berl. Sitzungsberichte, 1912, pp. 1198 sqq.

it is a careless and badly spelled specimen of the vulgate, but is not devoid of interest. Another papyrus book, which has been in the possession of the Swedish Academy of Antiquities since 1832, has only just been rescued from undeserved oblivion.1 It consists of fourteen tall leaves filled with chemical formulae for the fabrication of silver, precious stones, and dyes of various kinds; and it is closely related to P. Leyden X., published in 1885 by Leemanns, both apparently being descended from the voiκά of Ps.Democritus. A botanical papyrus with coloured illustrations, described in P. Tebtunis, ii., 679, has been edited with a facsimile by J. de M. Johnson. The sixth-century fragments of Cod. Just. xii., and Dig. xix., with Greek gloss, published by De Ricci,3 are too slight to be of much significance. The recently recovered fragments of Sophocles and Euripides have been collected in two parts of Lietzmann's Kleine Texte, and a similar service in regard to the orators has been performed by K. Jander,5 who has also catalogued the papyrus fragments of extant orations.6 A useful review of the new literary texts published between 1905 and 1912 is contributed by Körte to the last volume of the Archiv für Papyrusforschung.

2

7

In the department of Theology the outstanding event has been the publication of the Greek Gospels, the discovery of which was chronicled in these pages in 1908. This MS., an admirably preserved vellum book in the ancient binding, is written in sloping uncials of, apparently, the

1 Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, O. Lagercrantz, Upsala and Leipzig, 1913; cf. Diels, Arch. Anz., 1913, 1.

2 Archiv. für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, iv., pp. 403 sqq. 8 Mélanges Girard, pp. 273-82, Paris (Geuthner), 1912.

4 Supplementum Sophocleum, F. Diehl, and Supplementum Euripideum, H. von Arnim, Bonn (Marcus & Weber), 1913.

5 Oratorum et Rhetorum Graecorum Fragmenta nuper reperta, Bonn (Marcus & Weber), 1913.

6 Orat. et. Rhet. Graec. nova Fragmenta. Dissert. inaugur. Bonn, 1913.

7 The Washington MS. of the Four Gospels, H. A. Sanders, New York (Macmillan Co.), 1912.

fifth century, the first quire of St John being somewhat later (not earlier, as the editor mistakenly supposes). The text, according to the editor's analysis, is of a very composite character; but the most striking peculiarity of the MS. is the occurrence in the last chapter of St Mark of a passage otherwise known only from a partial citation in Latin by Jerome. Four short biblical fragments are included in the recent volume of the Società Italiana mentioned above, the most interesting being a vellum fragment of St Luke, assigned to the fourth century and agreeing with the old Latin version in the omission of xxii. 62. A lengthy Christian amulet is published in the first part of the Papyri Iandanae.1

Among non-literary documents the papyrus edited by the Greek Society of Halle under the title of Dikaiomata 2 stands in a class by itself. It contains a miscellaneous series of laws and ordinances put together about the middle of the third century B.C., apparently by some Alexandrian advocate for professional purposes. No similar collection of the Hellenistic period has survived, and for the student of Greek law these extracts from the Alexandrian code will be of the utmost interest, displaying, as they do, a remarkable individuality and independence in many respects of Attic use. A few other new texts, for the most part fragmentary and relatively of small importance, though also early in date, are printed in an appendix. The publication of the Hamburg collection, begun in 1910, is continued by P. M. Meyer in a second fascicule containing thirty-three texts of different periods, among which may be mentioned a contract of B.C. 222 relating to the production of oil, some judicial minutes of the praefect M. Junius Mettius Rufus, and a well-preserved extract from the official records of another praefect concerning the domicile of a veteran.

1 E. Schaefer, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912.

3

2 Pap. Hal. 1, Berlin (Weidmann), 1913.

3 Griechische Urkunden der Hamburger Stadtbibliothek. P. M. Meyer, i. 2, Leipzig and Berlin (Teubner), 1913.

3

Vol. iv. of the Berlin Papyri1 and vol. ii. of the Byzantine Papyri of Cairo2 have been completed by the addition of their indices. It is to be hoped that the departure of M. J. Maspero, the editor of the latter, from the Cairo Museum will not suspend work on the remainder of the collection. Two small instalments of Marburg papyri, one containing letters, the other miscellaneous documents, bring nothing of much importance. A declaration on oath by a village night-watchman that he would faithfully perform his duties (No. 33) is parallel to other declarations by persons entering office. The texts of one hundred and forty-six Greek ostraca are given by J. G. Milne in the volume shared by him with A. H. Gardiner and Sir H. Thompson. Of these, thirty-one are Ptolemaic, the remainder of the Roman period, and though many of them are of a familiar type, they bring some additional information concerning the complicated system of Egyptian taxation. Dr F. Preisigke has undertaken the very useful task of collecting and reprinting the texts of papyri, ostraca, etc., which have appeared sporadically in journals or elsewhere. It cannot indeed be said that the two instalments

4

which have so far made their appearance are of special importance to the papyrologist, being largely occupied with brief funerary inscriptions and pottery marks, and the principle of the editor's arrangement is not evident. Another benefit for which Preisigke is earning general thanks, is the systematic tabulation of the various corrections and additions which have been made from time to time in the papyrus texts. The more important publications are to be treated

1 Berliner Griechische Urkunden, iv. 12, Berlin (Weidmann), 1912. 2 Papyrus grecs d'époque byzantine (Catalogue gén. des antiquités égyptiennes), J. Maspero, Cairo, 1913.

3 Papyri Iandanae, fasc. 2, L. Eisner; fasc. 3 by L. Spohr, Leipzig (Teubner), 1913.

4 Theban Ostraca (Hieratic, Demotic, Greek, Coptic), London (Oxford University Press), 1913.

5 Sammelbuch Griechische Urkunden aus Ägypten, Strassburg (Trübner),

1913.

F

in alphabetical order, and the part dealing with the Amherst and Berlin Papyri has already been issued.1 A preliminary account of some Byzantine documents from Syene, which were acquired some years ago by the British Museum, is given by H. I. Bell in Klio, xiii.

In last year's report a description was given of the first systematic handbook of papyrology, the invaluable Papyruskunde of Mitteis and Wilcken. An independent work conceived on somewhat similar lines, though very much slighter in scale, has been published in Belgium by N. Hohlwein.2 It consists of three divisions: an introduction containing a summary of the administrative system of the country, a lexicon of technical terms, and a series of selected texts with brief commentary; annotated translations of these texts have been printed by Hohlwein in the current volume (xvii.) of the Musée Belge. The second portion is at once the peculiar feature and the backbone of the book, and might have been very useful had it been treated with more comprehensiveness and in greater detail. The volume should be of service to beginners, more especially those who prefer French to German; but in scientific worth it is not to be compared with the Papyruskunde. The popularisation of the study of papyri proceeds steadily in Germany. An excellent little work of its kind is that of R. Helbing, who prints a selection of twenty-four texts with translation and commentary, prefaced by a general sketch of the subject as a whole. Another schoolbook of the same sort has been edited by A. Laudien, whose selection is entirely taken from the Oxyrhynchus collection.

4

3

The palaeography of papyri has received much attention lately in Sir E. M. Thompson's Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, and in the second volume of the new edition

1 Berichtigungsliste der griech. Papyrusurkunden aus Ägypten, Strassburg (Trübner), 1913.

2 L'Égypte Romaine, Brussels (Hayez), 1912.

3 Auswahl aus griech. Papyri, Berlin and Leipzig (Göschen), 1912. 4 Griechische Papyri aus Oxyrhynchus, Berlin (Weidmann), 1912.

5 Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1912. See also pp. 88, 95.