2 part as high as ever. This volume supersedes the author's Yates Lectures of 1902, and his paper in the Anthropological Journal of 1897.1 The neolithic remains in the Capitanata province are reviewed by V. Rellini; a neolithic cave station, the Grotta Velika-Jama, near Udine, by A. Alfonsi; 3 and early sites near Lecce, by P. Maggiulli. Eneolithic finds are described, from the Valle di Cavedine, by G. Roberti,5 and Monte Argentaria by A. Minto, and from Volterra by E. Galli. Bologna has for long been a cardinal site in Italian archaeology, and the substantial book of A. Grenier, in the Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises, is invaluable as a summary and discussion of its yield for the centuries from the eighth to the fourth. The many side-issues which so complicated a theme provokes are dealt with very thoroughly as they arise, and the book will command general respect by its learning and level judgment.8 P. Ducati discusses the so-called 'incense-burners' of the Villanova culture at Bologna. The current explanation of them is at least doubtful, and they are in any case of thoroughly native design. The horse-bits of the Early Iron Age in Italy were examined by G. Bellucci,10 who succeeds in identifying several objects of hitherto unknown use. The early tombs of Cumae are studied very fully by E. Gabrici. They are, of course, of fundamental importance for the archaeology and history of Middle Italy. This instalment goes from the eleventh century to the close of the seventh. The 'pre-Hellenic' tombs contain simple types of well-bowed fibulae, and a few Oriental imports, but as they yield also bowls of Greek geometrical 1 Die Vorklassische Chronologie Italiens, Berlin, 1913; 4to, pp. 246, with 805 illustrations and 99 plates; price 120 m. 2 Bull. Pal. It. xxxviii., pp. 1-11. 4 Ibid. pp. 159-67. 6 Ibid. pp. 132-5. 3 Ibid. pp. 61-66. 5 Ibid. pp. 121-4. 7 Ibid. pp. 125-33. 8 Bologne Villanovienne et Étrusque, Paris, 1912, pp. 540, illustrated. See also p. 119. 9 Bull. Pal. It. xxxviii., pp. 11-29. 10 Ibid. pp. 135 ff. form, there may be some looseness in the phrase 'preHellenic.' Foreign trade seems clearly to go back to the eleventh century. Greek contact of a sporadic kind precedes, as might be expected, the formal Chalcidian settlement, which begins with proto-Corinthian pottery, 'serpentine' fibulae, and metal work not far removed from a geometrical phase of decoration. Some of the larger painted vases show remarkable affinities with the painted style of Tarquinii, and with a class of open bowls, with birds in panels, which range as imports from Tarquinii to Cyprus.1 Other papers by Gabrici deal with details from the same district.2 P. Orsi has acquired for the Syracuse Museum a bronze situla from a cremation burial near Leontini: it seems to him to indicate that this type of vessel is of Ionic (Chalcidian) origin. If so, he adds, the presence of situlae round the head of the Adriatic argues Greek intercourse there too. The evidence for early Phoenician trade on the west coast of Italy is discussed by U. Kahrstedt, without much fresh result.4 More tombs are published from Este (by A. Alfonsi 5) and from Oppeano Veronese (by G. Pellegrini ®), and bronze objects from the neighbourhood of Pavia, by G. Patroni; a pre-Roman necropolis at Leprignano in the Agro Capenate, by E. Stephani, with fine engraved girdle-plates, and rich pottery series, running on into painted ware which imitates Greek geometrical work. Tombs at Locri Epizephyrii run back from Hellenic times to a geometrical phase with fibulae.9 Near Lucca, the prehistoric cave-site of Maggiano has been excavated by L. A. Milani.10 The Ligurian examples of the swastika ornament are the subject of an ethnological study by A. Issel.11 8 1 Mon. Ant. xxii., pp. 1-448. 2 Röm. Mitt. 1912, 148; Mem. R. Accad. 9 Not. Scavi, 1912, Suppl., pp. 3 ff. Minor finds are very Napoli, ii., 1911, pp. 5-9. 4 Klio, xii., pp. 461-73. 6 Ibid. pp. 110-14. 8 Ibid. pp. 147-58. 10 Ibid. p. 193. completely recorded, as usual, in the Bulletino di Paletnologia Italiana (xxxviii.) and in the Notizie degli Scavi. The former also prints a formal bibliography of its whole subject. Balkan Peninsula.-There is a full summary of recent work on early sites in Servia (Zuto Brdo, Vinča, and Gradač) by N. Vulič, which have yielded instructive comparisons with the earliest strata at Hissarlik. The finds are in the National Museum at Belgrade.1 6 The Aegean.-On the physical conditions of Greek life, and their bearing on culture and economic history, there is an essay of A. Struck in a German series of Applied Geography': 2 some good illustrations also, in a brightly written account of the Aegean, ancient and modern, by P. Revelli.3 The second chapter of H. R. Hall's survey of the ancient world contains a very useful summary of Minoan archaeology, written as part of a larger history, and in some relation of scale and standpoint both to contemporary Oriental history and to the sequel in Greece. For the latter, see also chapter xi., on the 'Renovation of Egypt and Renascence of Greece.'4 Under an ominous title and at great length, I. Thomopoulos publishes the results of a comparison between the Eteocretan, Lemnian, Lycian, Hittite, and Vannic texts on the one hand, and the modern Albanian language on the other.5 There is a brief note by E. Fischer on the ethnology of prehistoric Crete. 6 A number of small early sites in Thessaly are noted by A. S. Arvanitopoullos. Mycenaean tombs are reported 1 Jahrbuch, 1912; Anzeiger, pp. 546-58. 2 Zur Landeskunde von Griechenland, Frankfurt, 1912. 3 L'Egeo dall' eta Micenea ai tempi nostri, Milan, 1912, p. 167. 4 The Ancient History of the Near East, from the earliest times to the Battle of Salamis, London, 1913, 8vo, pp. 23, 602, illustrated; price 5 Πρακτικά, 1912. 15s. net. 6 Korrbl. d. ges. f. Anthrop. xliii., 1912, § 4, pp. 25-8. 7 ПIрактiкà, 1911, pp. 280-356. from Chalcis by G. A. Papabasileou, and a settlement going back to E. M. III. at Agia Marina in Phocis, by G. Soteriades.1 Klon Stephanos has excavated again in Naxos.2 The publication of his observations on human remains is still postponed.3 W. Deonna tries to connect to connect the Cycladic marble statuette in Carlsruhe, in which a small figure stands on the head of a larger one, with the 'motive' of the Birth of Athena, suggesting that this myth may have arisen to explain some such early statue. Anthropomorphic vases of various periods from Crete are collected by A. Minto.5 The custom of tatuing had a wide vogue in the primitive population of the Mediterranean; its significance is the subject of a paper by A. Lacassaigne.6 The painted stucco tablet from Mycenae, published in 1887 by Tsountas, is identified now by G. Rodenwaldt as a votive offering of the first Late Minoan period." A Middle Minoan vase from a Twelfth Dynasty tomb at Abydos is published by J. Garstang; a large part of the group is in the Ashmolean Museum.8 9 A few small Cretan papers may be noted here. G. Beloch on 'Cretan Origins'; J. Toutain on the Dictaean Cave; 10 Backström on the Phaestos Disc; 11 J. Dechelette and P. Girard on the peculiar forked instrument carried by the men on the Harvester Vase from Agia Triada.12 The presidential address of Sir Arthur Evans to the Hellenic Society restates the difficulty which is caused in the Homeric poems by the graphic description of works of art which suggest the Palace Period, if, as is commonly 3 Ibid. pp. 205-35. 5 Ausonia, vi., pp. 109 ff. 6 Arch. d'anthropologie criminelle, Oct., Nov. 1912. 7 Ath. Mitt. xxxvii., pp. 129-40. 8 Liverpool Annals, v., pp. 107-11, pls. xiii., xiv. 9 Ausonia, iv., pp. 219-37. 10 Revue de l'histoire des religions, lxiv., pp. 194, 277-91. 11 Zurn. Minist. Narodn. Prosviese, xxxvi., p. 549. 12 Comptes rendus, 1912, pp. 83-93, 97-8. supposed, the poems deal with events not earlier than about 1200. He suggests translation, or adaptation, of literature, composed in a Minoan tongue.1 In the latest instalments of Daremberg and Saglio the articles "Taurokathapsia,' 'Theseus,' 'Tholos,' 'Tibia,' contain adequate notes on the relevant early material.2 Geometric pottery from tombs at Anaphlystos3 and near the Church of St Daniel in Athens is described by P. Kastriotes. On the former site he infers, from the absence of Minoan fabrics, that geometric painting goes back into Minoan times; a perilous conclusion. The geometrically painted vases of Rhodes are discussed by Ch. Dugas. Related fabrics from other parts of the Aegean are treated separately, and an attempt is made to estimate the place of the Rhodian school among contemporary styles, and its affinity with the so-called 'Rhodian' type of orientalising vases.5 Ch. Dugas and F. Poulsen have also discussed the early pottery from Delos. Miss Lorimer has put together a very useful survey of proto-Corinthian pottery, making large use of the tomb-groups in the Museum of Syracuse; the material from Cumae (above) was unfortunately not yet available." Hellespont and Asia Minor.-Dr Leaf's book on Troy is a valuable contribution to the literature of prehistoric archaeology, as well as to the Homeric Question. It contains a full and clear summary of the stratification of the Hissarlik site, based on the German excavation reports, but supplemented by personal observation; and also a study of the human geography of the Troad leading to a suggestive theory of the causes of the Trojan War, which Dr Leaf thinks has a historical basis. On the prehistoric ethnology 2 Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, pp. 46, 47, Paris, 3 ПIρактiкà, 1912, pp. 110-31. 4 Ibid. pp. 97-104. 1912-13. 5 B.C.H. xxxvi., pp. 495-522, pls. ix., x. 6 Ibid. xxv., pp. 350-422. 7 J.H.S. xxxii. 8 Troy: a Study in Homeric Geography, London (Macmillan), 1912. See also p. 159. |