to it in the volume issued by members of the Faculty of Theology in the University of London,' but this contains an admirable article by Dr H. T. Andrews on 'The Significance of the Eschatological Utterances of Jesus.' This theme is also prominent in the volume of essays from Jesus College, Cambridge, the larger part of which may be reckoned to our department.

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No work has appeared covering the whole field of Special Introduction comparable to Dr Moffatt's, which was chronicled in my previous survey. Prof. B. W. Bacon's volume in The Home University Library exhibits the growth of the literature in close connection with the history of primitive Christianity and its theological development. It goes without saying that it is a very able sketch from a pretty advanced standpoint. Dr Milligan's Croall Lectures deal briefly with the critical problems, but also with the original manuscripts, the language, the circulation of the writings and their collection into the Canon. They are enriched with facsimiles and some welcome appendices. The subject of the fifth instalment of Harnack's Beiträge,5 which has been translated into English," is a little aside from our subject, but Harnack defends the inclusion on the ground that New Testament Introduction includes a history of its use. On the criticism of the Gospels in general, there is a small conservative work by Mr Pullan.7

1 London Theological Studies (University of London Press, 1911); 10s. 6d. net.

2 The Parting of the Roads, edited by F. J. Foakes Jackson (London : Edwin Arnold, 1912); 10s. 6d. net.

3 The Making of the New Testament (London: Williams & Norgate); N.D., 1s. net.

4 The New Testament Documents, their Origin and Early History (London: Macmillan & Co., 1913); 10s. 6d. net. See also p. 187.

5 Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Neue Testament. V. Über den privaten Gebrauch der hl. Schriften in der Alten Kirche (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1912); 3 m.

6 New Testament Studies. V. Bible Reading in the Early Church (London: Williams & Norgate, 1912); 5s.

7 The Gospels (Oxford Library of Practical Theology) (London : Longmans, 1912); 5s.

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Dr Abbott has reached Part X., Section I., of his Diatessarica,1 containing the introduction to the Fourfold Gospel, which, I presume, will be followed by the detailed commentary from which he has, in the progress of the work, been so often diverted. A careful study of the Synoptic Problem, resting on a good deal of independent research, has been written by Mr E. R. Buckley.2 Mr Holdsworth's Gospel Origins argues for a threefold edition of Mark, the first used by Luke, the second by Matthew, while the third is the Gospel as we have it. A characteristically thorough and original piece of work has been devoted by Spitta1 to demonstrating the presence in Luke of a source the historical value of which exceeds even that of Mark. A volume of essays by Mr Maclachlan 5 throws into special prominence the readings of the Western Text; it is not, however, primarily concerned with Textual Criticism, but with drawing out the great qualities of the evangelist. A very important volume by Norden, which starts from the report of Paul's speech at Athens, in Acts xvii., raises a large number of other questions of interest to New Testament students, but also to others. The Lucan authorship is denied as well as the authenticity of the speech, which is regarded as based on the account of Apollonius' visit to Athens, a theory which has called forth a prompt refutation from Harnack.7 Perhaps the most interesting of the

1 The Fourfold Gospel. Section I. : University Press, 1913); 2s. 6d. net.

Introduction (Cambridge

2 An Introduction to the Synoptic Problem (London: Edward Arnold, 1912); 5s. net.

3 London: Duckworth & Co., 1913; 2s. 6d. net.

4 Die Synoptische Grundschrift in ihrer Überlieferung durch das Lukasevangelium.

5 St Luke, Evangelist and Historian (Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes, 1912); 2s. 6d. net.

6 Agnostos Theos: Untersuchungen zur Formengeschichte religiöser Rede (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1913); 12 m. See also p. 137.

7 Ist die Rede des Paulus in Athen ein ursprunglicher Bestandteil der Apostelgeschichte? (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1913); 3 m. See Class. Rev. Sept. 1913.

remaining discussions is that on Matt. xi. 25-30. One can only welcome the aid of a philologist so distinguished, though the New Testament scholar may be pardoned if he accepts the gift with a good deal of caution. Three important volumes have come to us from Germany dealing with the Johannine problem. Bernhard Weiss,1 midway between eighty and ninety, returns to a field on which he has fought many times before in order to meet the scholars who have recently so vigorously contended that the Fourth Gospel is a composite work. Spitta is selected as the foremost assailant of the unity. Weiss' general attitude remains that familiar to students of his Introduction, Commentary, and New Testament Theology. The work by Overbeck 2 has been put together from his literary remains, and it is as radical and negative, as stimulating and acute, as his name would suggest. It also belongs to a somewhat earlier stage of the controversy than the present. Clemen3 occupies a position between the two, rejecting, it is true, the Johannine authorship, but connecting the Gospel with John, and affirming the truth of the much-disputed tradition that he died at an advanced age in Ephesus. Völter has once

more returned to the problem of the Apocalypse.

Prof. Lake has published a noteworthy volume 5 dealing with the critical problems presented by the first two groups of the Pauline Epistles and to some extent with theological problems. The authenticity of all six Epistles is accepted; 2 Thessalonians, however, only on the assumption that Harnack correctly supposes it to have been sent not to the

1 Das Johannes-Evangelium als einheitliches Werk geschichtlich erklärt (Berlin: Trowitzsch & Sohn, 1912); 10 m.

2 Das Johannesevangelium.

Studien zur Kritik seiner Erforschg

(Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1911); 12 m.

3 Die Entstehung des Johannesevangeliums (Halle: Niemeyer, 1912);

14 m.

4 Die Offenbarung Johannes. Zweite völlig umgearbeitete Auflage (Strassburg: J. J. Heitz, 1911); 3.50 m.

5 The Earlier Epistles of St Paul, their Motive and Origin (London : Rivingtons, 1911); 16s. net.

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Church at Thessalonica as a whole, but to the JewishChristian section. This view is rejected by Prof. Frame in his excellent Commentary.1 The unity of 2 Corinthians is denied by Prof. Lake, as by several scholars, the last four chapters being taken as belonging for the most part to the severe letter which caused Paul such painful anxiety after it had left his hands. Curiously, most of the recent German commentators have rejected the theory, and the same attitude is adopted by Prof. Menzies in his recent valuable Commentary, which contains a strong, if not conclusive, defence of the unity. The South Galatian theory is adopted by Prof. Lake, and along with it the view, which seems to be growing in favour, that the Epistle is the earliest that we have from Paul's hands. This view has been rejected by several on the ground that the affinities with the Epistle to the Romans do not permit of so wide a separation in point of time. Prof. Lake agrees with this in principle, but draws the opposite conclusion, and argues that the original recension of Romans was a circular letter sent out at the same time as Galatians, and subsequently turned into an Epistle to the Romans. For my own part, since I believe that the Pauline theology was created in all essentials not long after Paul's conversion, I have no difficulty in believing that Galatians may be, though I much doubt whether it is, the earliest of the Pauline Epistles. But I can see no difficulty in the view that a long interval lay between it and Romans. Prof. Lake does not believe that there ever was such a thing as 'Paulinism,' as New Testament Theology has reconstructed it, and in this respect he would find Deissmann's Paulus, which has recently been translated into English, congenial. On the other hand, he emphasises

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1 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Johannine Epistles (International Critical Commentary) (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1912); 10s. 6d.

2 The Second Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians (London : Macmillan & Co., 1912); 6s. net.

3 St Paul: A Study in Social and Religious History (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1912); 10s. 6d. net.

quite in Reitzenstein's spirit Paul's debt to the Mysteries and the primitive character of Catholicism.

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Passing to General Introduction, the most important fact to chronicle is the completion of von Soden's monumental work in Textual Criticism by the publication of the Greek text.1 No estimate can be attempted, partly because much space would be required for even the briefest statement, partly because the time has not yet come. We have at last Wordsworth and White's critical text of the Vulgate New Testament, edited by Prof. White, in a very cheap and handy form. Mr Buchanan has edited The Epistles and Apocalypse from the Codex Harleianus,3 and Dr Kenyon's well-known manual1 has appeared in a revised and much cheaper edition. Prof. Souter has dealt both with Text and Canon, supplying important documents nowhere so readily accessible or in so accurate a text. A special study on the Decretum Gelasianum, rightly described by Prof. Souter as epoch-making, is a new debt we owe to the industry, the learning, and the acumen of Prof. von Dobschütz.

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In history there is no need to linger on the Christ-myth controversy further than to say that the second part of Drews' Christusmythe' has been made accessible to English readers, and the same is true of W. B. Smith's Ecce

1 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1913); 70 m., bound 86 m.

2 Novum Testamentum latine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911); 2s. net.

3 The Epistles and Apocalypse from the Codex Harleianus.

4 Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. Second edition (London: Macmillan & Co., 1912); 5s. net.

5 The Text and Canon of the New Testament (London: Duckworth & Co., 1913); 2s. 6d. net.

6 Texte und Untersuchungen, xxxviii. 4. Das Decretum Gelasianum de Recipiendis et non Recipiendis (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1912); 13.50 m. 7 Die Zeugnisse für die Geschichtlichkeit Jesu (Jena: Diederichs, 1911); 5 m.

8 The Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus (London: Watts & Co., 1912); 6s. net.