of adultery, to pull off the stola or woman's garment, and put on the toga or man's garment, which stigmatized them as infamous; but even this was not so infamous as the transparent dress of the judge.-Sed... astuo: the words of the judge, to excuse his appearance in such a dress.

54. Nudus... turpis: the answer of the poet.-Nudus: i. e. sola vestitus tunicâ ; like yvuros in Greek.-Agas: 'administer justice.'

55. En... aratris: the answer of Creticus, ridiculing the objections made to his own appearance.-The dress you would have me assume is so ridiculous, that if, dressed in a tunic alone, you should present yourself in the judgment-seat, the people, recently victorious, whose wounds are scarcely healed, and the rough mountaineers, leaving their rustic labors, would flock around you through desire of hearing and seeing you. This is the explanation given by Ruperti.-Most interpreters understand the passage as expressive of the indignation of the poet at having so effeminate a judge in office.

58. Quid... testem: the answer of the poet;-you say what is right, Creticus, but how much more would one be astonished at seeing a judge dressed as you are; your dress would disgrace a witness, much more a judge.

61. Dedit... labem: i. e. you owe all this effeminacy to the company you have kept; by this you have been infected.

64. Uva... ab uva: a proverbial expression from the ripening of the black grape, which has a blue or livid color: the grapes do not assume this hue all at once, but one after the other; which the vulgar suppose was owing to the grapes looking upon each other, and thus contracting the same color.

A proverbial expression of a similar kind is found in many languages. "One plum gets color by looking at another," is said to be a common phrase in Persia, to signify the propagation of an opinion, custom, &c.

66. Accipient te: the poet now exposes a set of unnatural wretches, who, in imitation of women, celebrated the mysteries of the Bona Dea or Good Goddess, who was a Roman lady, the wife of one Faunus, and famous for her chastity; after her death she was consecrated. Sacrifices were performed to her only by night and secretly; to her was sacrificed a sow pig. At these rites none but women were admitted.

At the new institution, of which the poet is now speaking, no females were admitted.

68. Monilia: 'necklaces;' these were peculiar to females; but the wretches, spoken of here, assumed not only the dresses and ornaments of females, but also, that they might resemble women as much as possible, went through the same rites and ceremonies.

70. Magno cratere: a large goblet,' out of which they poured libations. More sinistro: 'by a perverted custom,' they exclude

all women from these ceremonies, as men were excluded from the rites and mysteries of the 'Good Goddess." So that the proceedings of these men were an utter perversion of the female rites.

73. Nullo... cornu: at the sacrifices of the Bona Dea, it was usual for some of the women to make a lamentable noise (gemit) with a horn. The male worshippers had no women among them for this purpose.-Nullo tibicina cornu is put, by the figure hypallage, for nulla tibicina cornu.

74. Secretâ... tada: 'by private torchlight.'

75. Cecropiam ... Cotytto: Cotytto was a courtesan, worshipped by night at Athens, a city of Greece, whose first king and founder was Cecrops, as the Bona Dea was at Rome. The Baptæ were her priests, and so called from ẞunter, to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner.— Lassare: the priests are said to weary and disgust even the goddess herself, on account of the length of their infamous rites, and the multiplicity of their numerous acts of impurity.

76. Ille... acu: it was customary at Rome for the ladies to paint both their eyebrows and eyes: the first was done with a black composition made of soot and water; a needle or bodkin was wet with this composition, and drawn obliquely over or along the eyebrows; in this way they lengthened the eyebrow, which was esteemed a great beauty. This was imitated by the wretches, whom the poet mentions, that they might appear more like women. 77. Pingit... oculos: this was another practice of the women, to paint their eyes.

78. Vitreo... Priapo: 'out of a glass Priapus.'

79. Reticulum: a net or caul,' used by females for enclosing the hair behind.

80. Scutulata: garments of silk, wherein are wrought round figures like cobwebs, worn by women. Galbana rasa: ' smooth grass colored vests; or, according to Ainsworth, Galbana means white.-Rasa: 'shorn of the pile,' i. e. 'smooth.'

81. Per Junonem: i. e. as if they were women; for women swore by Juno; men by Jupiter, Hercules, &c. The manners of the masters were copied by the servants.

82. Ille... Othonis: the poet, in this passage, with great humor, parodies, in derision of the effeminate Otho and others of a similar character, some passages of Virgil: first, where the word gestamen is used, as descriptive of the shield of Abas. Eneid III, 268. Ere cavo clypeum, magni gestamen Abantis, Postibus adversis figo, &c.

And again in Æn. VII, 246, Virgil, speaking of the ornaments which Priam wore, when he sat in public among his subjects, as their prince and lawgiver, says :

Hoc Priami gestamen erat, &c.

In imitation of these passages Juvenal calls Otho's mirror, pathici gestamen Othonis, the shield of pathic Otho.'

83. Actoris spolium: alluding to Virgil, Æn. XII, 93, 94,

...

where Turnus arms himself with a spear, which he had taken from Actor, one of the Auruncian chiefs.-Ille: Otho.

Juvenal seems to insinuate that this wretch rejoiced as much in the possession of Otho's mirror, as Turnus did in having the spear of the brave Actor.

84. Tolli vexilla: this was the signal for an engagement.

85. Res... belli: a subject worthy of being recorded, that among the warlike baggage of a commander in chief, in a civil war, was found a mirror! This civil war was between Otho and Vitellius, the latter of which persons was set up by the German soldiers for emperor, and at last succeeded.

87. Ducis: i. e. Otho, who slew Galba.

89. Bebraci in campo: Otho was routed in the plains of Bebriacum by the soldiers of Vitellius. Bebriacum or Bedriacum was a town between Cremona and Verona.-Spolium... Palatî : 'the sceptre of the world,' i. e. the peaceable and sole possession of the emperor's palace.

90. Et... panem: the Roman ladies used a sort of bread or paste, wet in ass's milk, which they pressed, and spread with their fingers on the face to cover it from the air, and thus preserve the complexion; this was practised by the emperor Otho. See Suetonius, Oth. c. 12.

93. Hic nullus: Juvenal, having censured the effeminacy of their actions and dress, now attacks their manner of conversation at their sacrificial feasts.-Mensa: the table where they feasted on their sacrifices, which, every where else, was considered sacred.

94. Hic... libertas: i. e. they indulge themselves in all kinds of filthy conversation, like the priests of Cybele, who displayed all manner of obscenity, both in word and deed, before the image of their goddess. Turpis is generally joined to Cybeles: Ruperti thinks it should be joined to libertas.

96. Magni gutturis: 'of uncommon gluttony.'

97. Conducendusque magister: i. e. if any one is desirous of being taught the science of gluttony and beastly sensuality, let him hire such a fellow as this to be his instructer.

98. Phrygio. ... more: 'after the Phrygian fashion;' i. e. after the manner of the Galli or priests or Cybele.

99. Supervacuam ... carnem : 'their superfluous flesh.'

100. Quadringenta... sestertia: 400 sestertia, or 400,000 sestertii, about $14,280.-Gracchus : it is probable that no particular person is here intended.

101. Cornicini... are: the Romans used only wind instruments of music in the army: the two principal ones were cornu, the horn, bent almost round; and tuba, the trumpet, straight, recto ære.

102. Signata tabulæ : 'the marriage contract is signed.'-Feliciter a form of congratulation, particularly used on nuptial occasions.-Ingens cœna: i. e. ingens convivarum multitudo.

103. Nova nupta: as Sporus was given in marriage to Nero, so Gracchus to this trumpeter: Gracchus is humorously called nova nupta, in the feminine gender.-Mariti: of the trumpeter, who had now become the husband of Gracchus.

104. Censore... nobis: 'do we need a censor (to correct), or an aruspex' (to expiate these crimes)?

107. Segmenta: Segmentum was a female ornament, worn only by matrons, which some suppose to have been a kind of necklace; but others, more properly, 'an embroidered riband;' or 'a purple fringe,' sewed to the clothes.-Longos habitus: the stola or 'matron's gown,' which extended to the feet.-Flammea: these were 'red or flame-colored veils,' which were thrown over the face of the bride.

108. Arcano... ancilibus: this alludes to the sacred shields and images of Mars (of whom Gracchus was formerly a priest), which were carried in solemn procession through the city: a thong or leather strap was so contrived, that, by pulling it, the image nodded its head to the great amazement and joy of the people.

109. Pater Urbis: Mars, the supposed father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.

110. Latiis pastoribus: the Romans, whose ancestors were shepherds, ignorant of all luxurious indulgences.

111. Urtica: literally 'a nettle,' but by metonymy it signifies 'lewdness.'

112. Traditur: 'is given in marriage.

114. Patri: Jupiter.-Vade... negligis: if you are unconcerned at these atrocious crimes, and show no displeasure, you may as well quit us at once.-Cede: for discede.-Severi.. campi: the Campus Martius, called severi in allusion to the severe conflicts and exercises there exhibited, put here for the whole city and empire.

115. Officium... adhibet: to satirize the more severely these male-marriages, a conversation between two persons on this subject is introduced.

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117. Officii: of your attendance.'

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118. Liceat modò vivere: these seem to be the words of Juvenal. 119. In acta referri: to be reported in the public registers.' 121. Partu... maritos: barrenness was a frequent cause of divorce.

124. Turgida... Lyde: Lyde is probably the name of some dealer in perfumes, &c., who sold medicines to remove barren

ness.

125. Luperco: the Luperci were priests of Pan, who, at the festival of the Lupercalia, celebrated in the month of February, ran about the streets, lashing with a leather thong all they met: the women, so far from avoiding these blows, held out the palins of their hands to receive them, supposing that they would thereby be rendered prolific.

126. Vicit et hoc: i, e. yet these monstrous acts can bear no comparison with the meanness and absurdity of Gracchus, a Roman nobleman, exhibiting himself as a gladiator.

One class of gladiators was called retiarii: the retiarius was dressed in a short tunic (tunicati), but wore nothing on his head; in his left hand he bore a three pointed lance (fuscina or tridens), and in his right hand a net (rete), with which he attempted to entangle his adversary by casting it over his head, and suddenly drawing it together, and then with his lance he usually slew him. If he missed his aim, by either throwing the net too short or too far, he instantly fled, and endeavored to prepare his net for a second throw, while his antagonist swiftly pursued, to prevent his design, by slaying him.

The gladiator, opposed to the retiarius, was called "mirmillo, from oogos a fish, or sequutor, because he pursued the retiarius, if the latter missed his aim. The mirmillo had the image of a fish upon his helmet, and was armed, like a Gaul, with a buckler and a hooked sword or cutlass.

127. Lustravitque fugâ : this intimates the flight of Gracchus, the retiarius, from the mirmillo.-Mediam... arenam: 'the middle of the amphitheatre,' which was strewed with sand.

130. Podium: from rous, a foot, that part of the theatre next the arena, where the nobles sat; it projected in form something like the shape of a foot.

132. Esse aliquid: most interpreters understand by this passage, that the poet proceeds to trace all the forementioned crimes to their true source, the contempt of religion and disbelief in a future state of rewards and punishments.-Ruperti understands it differently, as ridiculing the ancient system of mythology.

133. Contum: contus is a long pole or staff, shod with iron at the bottom, to push on small vessels in the water. Juvenal here alludes to Charon.

135. Qui... lavantur: the quadrans, which was made of brass, equal in value to about one third of a cent, was paid, by the common people, to the keeper of the bath. Children, under four years of age, were either not carried to the baths or nothing was paid for the privilege of bathing.

136. Tu: i. e. Gracche, et vos, turpes mollesque homines, according to Ruperti.-As others understand it," you, who live virtuously."-Curius: Curius Dentatus, thrice consul, and remarkable for his courage, honesty, and frugality.-Ambo Scipiada: Scipio Africanus Major, who conquered Hannibal; and Scipio Africanus Minor, who conquered Numantia and Carthage.

137. Fabricius: the one that conquered Pyrrhus.

138. Cremera legio: 'the legion of Cremera,' i. e, 'the three hundred Fabii,' who were, with the exception of one, all slain by the Vejentes, near the river Cremera.-Cannis: Canna was an obscure village in Apulia, rendered famous by a signal defeat of the Romans by Hannibal.