add a histological laboratory to Bellevue Hospital, New York, and in 1899 he endowed a technical department in Birmingham University, England. In March, 1901, he offered $5,200,000 to found sixty-five branch libraries in New York City. He recently gave $4,000,000 as a fund for

and the United States. He also owned and controlled eighteen English newspapers, conducted in the interests of radical principles.

CHINA, an empire of Eastern and Central Asia. No official census of the Chinese Empire having been taken for many years, statistics are only approximate. China Proper, including 18 provinces, has an area of about 1,336,841 square miles and a population estimated from 350,000,000 to 386,000,000.

The area and population of China's dependencies, according to recent estimates, are as follows:

ANDREW CARNEGIE.

(Copyright, 1900, by Rockwood.)

disabled and superannuated employés of his steel works at Pittsburgh. Four towns in IllinoisStreator, Jacksonville, Freeport, and Grossdalewill soon have library buildings as a result of his generosity.

The most remarkable of his recent benefactions, one that rivals the donation of $10,000,000 for public libraries in Edinburgh, is the gift of $10,000,000 to the four Scotch universities-Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews. The investment of the fund provided by him will yield $500,000 a year. Half of this income will be expended in strengthening the departments of science, medicine, history, literature, economics, and modern languages. The other half of the income, $250,000, will be devoted to paying in whole or part the ordinary class fees of Scotch students of both sexes, aged sixteen and upward.

Mr. Carnegie has shown not only business ability, but literary talent of no mean order. He has written several popular books, "An American Four - in - Hand in Britain" (1883); "Round the World" (1884), letters written on a journey from New York to San Francisco, then to Japan, China, India, Egypt, and Europe, 187879; "Triumphant Democracy" (1886), a review of American progress under republican institutions; and "The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays" (1900), a volume of interesting papers contributed to various periodicals in Great Britain

The area of the entire Chinese empire is 4,218,401 square miles, and the population about 400,000,000.

PHYSIQUE AND TEMPERAMENT.-This is becoming a momentous matter as China nears her epoch of competition with Europe and America, for "blood will tell," here as elsewhere. The northern Chinese is tall, stout, solid and slow, while the southerner is short, small and 'cute, which is just the usual difference observable between north and south in Europe and India also. The Chinese expression is heavy, inanimate, uniform; his temperament is dull, taciturn, morose, lethargic, but fitfully vehement. Hence arises the industrial value of the Chinese as "hands." He can recuperate on four hours' sleep, for which he needs neither quiet nor darkness, and when awake has no 'nerves." Moreover, and wonderful to say, the Chinese is immune from consumption, syphilis and alcoholism, those three chief Scourges of Europe and America, as well as from inflammatory diseases and partly from cholera. But opium, with its Fool's Paradise of dreamy bliss, appeals as strongly to such a nature as does alcohol to the active Westerner. Opium was introduced from Java as recently as the eighteenth century, and yet is already practiced by some forty millions of Chinese, to their physical and mental destruction.

MENTAL TRAITS.-These were well stated by Archdeacon Gray of China: "Meekness, gentleness, docility, industry, contentment, cheerfulness, obedience to superiors, dutifulness to parents, and reverence for the aged are, in one and the same person, the companions of insincerity, lying, flattery, treachery, cruelty, jealousy, ingratitude, avarice, and distrust of others. The Chinese are a weak and timid people, and, in consequence, like all similarly constituted races, they seek a natural refuge in deceit and fraud.". The Chinese are excellent imitators but poor innovators. They never devised either a logic, grammar or mathematics, and, according to Balfour, this weak intellect is obvious in ordinary intercourse. "There are few things more amusing, and at the same time more exasperating, to a European, than the utter confusion of thought which characterizes the Chinese as a

race.

There seems a looseness of reasoning, a want of consecutiveness in the mental process of the Chinese which argues an inherent defect in their constitutions."

GOVERNMENT.-The Manchu dynasty has been in power since 1644. Emperor Kwangsu (or Kuang Hsu), born August 2, 1872, assumed the reins of government March 4, 1889. An imperial edict was issued Sept. 22, 1898, announcing that the Emperor had resigned power to the Empress Dowager, who has since managed public affairs. The Chinese government is highly centralized and despotic. The Grand Council, aided by seven boards or departments of officials, has supreme direction of public works, finances, laws, ceremonies, and other matters of administration. There are four ministers of state, who consult with two assistants from the Great College. Each of the provinces has a governor, responsible to the Emperor for the proper management of public affairs in his province. Associated with the governors and over them are several viceroys

THE EMPEROR OF CHINA.

or governors-general, and under them are hosts of commissioners and officials of one sort or another. These officials, sometimes called mandarins, are subjected to examinations before they receive appointments. In the dependencies of the empire the government is chiefly in the hands of native rulers, the Chinese mandarins exercising over them but little supervision. Especially is this true in Tibet, where the Dalai-Lama practically has supreme control. If the reports of travelers are to be trusted, Chinese officialdom, civil and military, is honeycombed with corruption. Most of the money raised by taxation is absorbed by officials in the process of collection and distribution.

RELIGION.-The three chief religions of the Chinese are Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The attempts made to estimate (no census was ever made, of course) how many followers each of these religions has, rest upon a complete misapprehension of the case. These religions exist not beside, but through one another. In general

the men-and especially all that can read and write-would claim to be Confucianists, that being above all reproach, while only their priests are exclusive followers of either Buddhism or Taoism, though women affect especially Buddhism, in spite of opposition from their husbands. The fact is that the three religions are complementary each to the others, and hence the people turn to each in turn. Thus, they celebrate their marriages by the Confucian rites; seek the guidance of a Taoist priest when building a house, when sick, or to secure success in business; and finally employ the Buddhist burial service. Confucianism is moral, but hard and cold; Taoism is religious, but earthly; while Buddhism throws light on man's future. Each has in turn been patronized by emperors, who then suppressed one or both of the others, but now for several centuries they have settled down to the modus vivendi described above, so that the popular view of them is san-kiao i-kiao, "the three doctrines are one There are even found "temples of the three doctrines," where idols of Buddha and Laotze stand on either side of Kongtze. Confucianists never worship Kongtze, or represent him by an idol, but by a tablet. The commonality notice no inconsistency between the rivals, and ask about any religion, not "Is it true?" but "Is it good?" Tested thus, the three religions are good, in that all inculcate morality of a high order. The number of Mohammedans is estimated at 30,000,000. European and American missionaries, Protestant and Roman Catholic, have planted many missions and churches, having more than a million members.

EDUCATION.-China has no free school system like that of America, but powerfully stimulates education by awarding all official positions to the successful competitors in State examinations on the classic literature. Since women cannot fill offices, their education is entirely neglected, as is that of the masses whose whole mental condition is very low. The use of ideographs requires a hundred keys to knowledge instead of the one we possess in our alphabet, and thus obstructs progress in knowledge of all but the professional scholar, who in China is an official. There are neither technical nor medical schools.

The Chinese are a conservative people. All of their institutions unite to impress upon the people respect for authority and the established order. Nothing is more potent in this than the system of examination for the government service. The examinations test merely the knowledge of ancient Chinese classics first sytematized by Confucius, and do not encourage scientific inquiry. As a result, China's bureaucratic administration is not a good, progressive government.

The only modernization of State education thus far effected is the Tungwen College, located in Peking and since 1869 under the presidency of the eminent American ex-missionary W. A. P. Martin. It was founded a few years before 1869 to train young men for the public service, especially as agents of international intercourse. Nine foreign and three native professors instruct students (in 1890 there were 120 of them) in foreign languages and sciences. The Chinese are so poor linguists that only one foreign language is taught to any given student. Most of the students are married!

STAGE OF CULTURE.-The Chinese afford a remarkable case of arrest of culture-growth at

the patriarchal stage, which has been elaborated by them to its fullest degree. A millennium or more ago the Chinese invented silk, tea, china, printing, the mariner's compass and gunpowder, but the printing has never progressed from blocks to types, the gunpowder was used only for fireworks, and the compass was never supplemented by the indispensable sextant. A shallow plow, a hoe, and a sickle form now, as they did millenniums ago, the farmer's sole tools. Chinese still use the Ptolemaic system of astronomy that they learned from the Jesuit missionaries centuries ago. Dramatist and novelist make no attempt to analyze motives, but move their figures about at pleasure. Filial piety is the chief virtue, and fosters an iron conservatism in every other sphere. Government alike of State and family is patriarchal. The Emperor is declared to be "the same as God"; and upon the canopy for a city governor is inscribed the legend, "Ye are all my children." The father has as much power over his wife and children as had the ancient Roman. Of course the wife may on no account divorce her husband. Girls are secluded after ten years of age, and foot-binding is practiced to prevent gadding. Infanticide and slavery-for women as concubines-are common. comely woman fetches about 35 dollars. China has neither press, platform, franchise, lawyer, nor-in Confucianism-priest. The mandarin

A

high or low, but always appointed by the Emperor, preoccupies all such functions. Ancestor worship, which is imposed on all the religions, leads to early marriage and a numerous progeny. People swarm in China.

INDUSTRIES AND PRODUCTS.-The majority of the Chinese are engaged in farming, gardening, and fruit-raising. In the north the cereals, wheat, barley, maize and beans grow in abundance; in the south, rice, sugar, tea, indigo, and cotton are cultivated. Some of the provinces are famous

for silks, and opium is a crop of growing importance. Tea and silk are the principal articles of export.

China is rich in minerals, especially in coal, iron and copper. There are vast fields of anthracite and bituminous coal. The coal traffic is said to be enormous. Silver, lead, tin, and gold are found. So far the mines have not been worked to any considerable extent, but concessions have recently been granted to English and French companies to develop the long-neglected mining industries.

FINANCE AND TRADE-The board of revenues makes no public report of China's finances. The present revenue is estimated from $60,000,000 to $75,000,000. Sir Robert Hart, who has charge of the collection of imperial customs dues, estimated the imports (which have lately increased because of completed railways) for the year 1899 at nearly $200,000,000, and the exports at about $145,000,000. British countries have about two-thirds of this trade. The trade of the United States with China has rapidly grown of late years-the two chief staples from our country being kerosene and cotton goods. For the year ending June 30, 1900, the imports (free and dutiable) from the United States into China amounted to $26,896,926, and the exports to $15,259,167. In 1900 the liabilities of the Chinese government amounted to more than $270,000,000, for which the revenue of the maritime customs is pledged.

The foreign trade of China in 1900, though good, fell below that of 1899. The Boxer uprising had a less disastrous effect than was supposed. The net value of the foreign import trade in 1900 was 211.070,422 hk. taels,' or, in our money, about $158,303,000. This record exceeded that of 1898, 209,579,334 hk. taels, which surpassed all

1 The average value of the Haikwan tael is said to have been 3s. 14d. in 1900, or about seventy-five cents.

previous years. The importation of opium was greater than in 1898. There was a great decrease in the imports of cotton goods, and prices rose. The figures for three years are as follows: Value of cotton imports in 1898 was 77,618,824 hk. taels; 1899, 103,465,048 hk. taels; 1900, 75,606,630 hk. taels.

The value of woolen goods slightly exceeded that of 1898, but fell short of that of 1899. Metals held their own, except iron plates, tin, and tin plates. There was a gain in sundries, such as candles, needles, umbrellas, soap, etc., as compared with 1899. American kerosene oil fell off from 40,724, 989 gallons to 34,447.112 gallons; Russian, from 35,695,116 to 32,708,757 gallons.

The following table gives the returns for the ten Chinese ports having the largest foreign trade. The net foreign imports for the two years, 1899 and 1900 are given:

than in AmeriFor the

The export of black tea was far less 1899, but somewhat more than in 1898. can countries bought more than in 1899. last four years the exports. of tea of all kinds were as follows: in 1897, 213,879,000 pounds; in 1898, 215,984,000 pounds; in 1899, 224,874,000 pounds; in 1900, 196,462,000. The quantity shipped to the various parts of the British Empire was 350,898 piculs, in 1900, against 433,435 in 1899; to the Russian Empire, 754,414 piculs, against 925,634 in 1899; to the United States 255,156 piculs, as compared with 218,535 in 1899. The total in pounds shipped to all countries was 196,462,000, as opposed to 224,874,000 in 1899. The total value of exports of native produce in 1900 was 233,915,252 hk. taels, as compared with 295,193,261 in 1899. The value of exports from twelve ports is given (omitting the figures for the other twenty-one ports whose exports are small) in hk. taels:

1 Picul =

133 lbs. avoirdupois.