EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD IN 1870, 1880, 1890 AND 1901, ARRANGED IN the Order oF MAGNITUDE IN 1901; ALSO THEIR TOTAL IMPORTS IN THE LATEST AVAILABLE YEAR. + Includes imports from colonies. * Hongkong estimated. of such purchases in 1901 with that of 1891, it should materially aid the producer or exporter in determining where the best markets exist and what articles are most in demand in those markets. To do this intelligently, we must show first the amount of each article exported from the United States to the country in question in the latest available year and also the exportations of that same article to that country at an earlier period-say, 1891-thus indicating the growth of a decade in the consumption of this particular article of American production in the country in question. For this purpose, I have selected all articles whose total exportations to the country in question in the year amounted to one million dollars or more and arranged them in their order of magnitude in the latest years, and also show in adjoining columns the exportations of those same articles to the country under discussion in 1891 and 1895. This will indicate the growth during a decade in the exportation to each of these principal countries of all articles whose value to each country exceeded one million dollars and in some cases less in the latest available year. In some cases it is not practicable to present these detailed figures for 1901, and in such cases those of 1900 are given. UNITED KINGDOM.-The first country to be considered is, naturally, the United Kingdom. She took last year more than 40 per cent. of our exports, more than all the remainder of Europe, more than three times as much as any other country of the world, three times as much as all North America, and four times as much as South America, Africa and Asia and Oceania combined. Of our total exportations during the year, which amounted to $1,487,755,557, those to the United Kingdom were $631,266,263. Foodstuffs and cotton of course form the principal features of these enormous sales, for it could scarcely be expected that the great Beef, fresh.. Hams.. Builders' hrdw. 27,281,400 30,453,104 56,807,930 33,781,917 30,529,897 41,655,649 8,167,775 8,126,526 37,282,851 28,622,875 28,492,424 35,311,949 15,221,751 16,784,936 31,569,007 30.429,839 29,024,682 30,884,512 6,546,179 9,245,618 20,269,042 11,037,910 14,301,618 16,377,255 9,242,388 11,021,728 14,875,112 7,801,606 13,667,518 13,282,972 2,036,780 2,273,289 *10,620,050 6,465,C27 9,295,946 8,820,624 1,000,498 4,321,253 7,396,270 1,370,988 1,089,238 6,830,647 1,848,863 1,972,576 5,359,653 961,311 2,908,277 4,605,803 5,157,178 3,216,971 4,442,469 3,298,263 2,568,201 4,089,618 1,374.044 2,410,661 *3,274,683 2,570,838 2,138,641 3,221,737 6,669,673 3,562,993 *3,052,430 2,534,310 3,025,541 *3,046,547 2,574,160 227,908 *2,163,258 616,378 802,494 *2,156,661 771,624 1,315,254 *2,150.675 1,792,938 471,773 *1900. Includes fur skins. 1,902,425 *1,870,004 750,682 *1,350,443 est manufacturing country of the world would be a large purchaser of our manufactures. Yet, even in manufactures we have made some headway in the markets of the United King dom, though as a rule the manufactures there sold are composed of materials more plentiful in the United States than in England, such, for instance, as paraffin, mineral oil, copper, lumber, etc. However, in articles which may be classed purely as manufactures, the growth has been very gratifying. Agricultural implements, for example, increased in export value from less than half a million in 1891 to about a million and a half dollars in 1901; builders' hardware, from about half a million to over two millions; turpentine, from two and a half millions to three and a quarter millions; leather and manufactures of, from nine millions to nearly fifteen millions: copper and manufactures of, from one million in 1891 to over seven millions in 1901, and machinery, from two millions in 1891 to over ten millions in 1900. GERMANY.-To Germany the export record of the decade and of the thirty years' period covered by the table has been gratifying. This is especially true in view of the frequent assertions meantime that the trade relations between Germany and the United States were being interrupted or likely to be interrupted by hostile legislation or the adverse construction of existing laws and regulations. The exports from the United States to Germany increased from forty-two millions in 1870 to one hundred and ninety-one millions in 1891, and even during the decade 1891-1901, have doubled, being in 1891, $92,795,456, and in 1901, $191,272,352. Considering the list of those exports which exceeded $1,000,000 in value in 1901, it is again found that foodstuffs and cotton are the most important, but that manufactures form quite as large a percentage as in the case of England. Our exports of lumber to Germany, for instance, increased from about a quarter of a million in 1891 to over a million dollars in 1900: paraffin, from a quarter of a million to a million and a quarter: turpentine, from a half million to over a million; oleomargarine, from a million and a quarter to over two and a half millions; agricultural implements, from a quarter of a million to two and a half millions; sewing machines, from a little over a half million to over a million; oil cake (though this is not usually included in the official list of manufactures), from a little over a million to over five millions; copper from less than a half a million to over seven and one-half millions, and machinery, from a little over a half million to over four and one-half millions, the comparisons in most cases being between 1891 and 1901. CANADA.-Canada, or British North America, as it is officially designated in the report of the Bureau of Statistics, is the third largest of our customers. Our exports to British territory lying north of the United States were in the year just ended one hundred and seven million dollars, against twenty-five million dollars in 1870, thirty million dollars in 1880 and forty-one million dollars in 1890, an increase since 1830 of more than 300 per cent. It is not practicable to state in detail the exports article by article to all of British North America, since the reports of the Bureau of Statistics include under that general term several distinct provinces or sections, and state each of them separately. To Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Northwest Territory, however, which take the lion's share of our exports to Canada, the total figures for the year are eighty-three million dollars, against thirty-two million dollars in 1891, and to this extent it is practicable to analyze the export trade with our Canadian neighbors. Of this total of eighty-three million dollars exported in 1901, the largest single item is coal, amounting to over fourteen million dollars and about equally divided between bituminous and anthracite. This has rapidly increased during the decade, the total for 1891 being but a little over four million dollars. Naturally manufactures form a larger share of our exports to Canada than to the great manufacturing countries of Europe, both because manufacturing interests of Canada are less developed than those of the older countries and also because her food supply is proportionately larger and her demand upon us for food is proportionately less. Of the total exportations to Quebec, Ontario, etc., amounting to eightythree million dollars in 1900, machinery formed 50,401,021 43,078,399 76,234,319 2,042,404 1,672,539 17,305,229 over five million dollars: rails for railways about two and one-half millions; cotton manu7,048,606 8,018,516 13,700,815 one-half millions; 9,422,356 4,712,990 factures nearly two and 8,833,931 chemicals, a million and a half; manufactures 7,871,573 295,953 1,522,736 of wood, over a million. Of the list of those ar399,676 1,604,390 7,785,490 2,339,885 ticles exported. whose value in 1900 exceeded a 5,242,624 half million dollars, fully one-third in value was 488,891 *4,786,409 manufactures, and in the smaller items a much 3,910,388 3,913,656 556,914 2,677,319 larger proportion is manufactured articles. In 1,962,673 1891 the proportion of manufactures was much 2,647,375 740,264 smaller, machinery amounting to but about a 2,011,259 half million dollars in value, against over 777,925 *1,623,179 five millions in 1900; rails for railways, 931,560 *1,330,240 254,061 *1,295,056 three hundred and eighty-three thousand dol463,263 *1,264,639 lars, against about two and one-half millions 341,125 *1,139,840 in 1900, and cotton manufactures, three hundred 472,203 *1,016,591 and seventy-seven thousand dollars, 103,326 * 932,524 against nearly two and one-half millions in 1900. EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO GERMANY IN 1891, 1895 AND 1901, INCLUDING ALL ARTICLES WHOSE VALUE IN 1901 EXCEEDED $1,000,000. ARTICLES 1891 Dollars 1895 Dollars 1901 Dollars Total exports.. 92,795,456 92,053,753 191,072,252 Wheat... Cotton..... Corn.. Lard.. Mineral oil Copper Oil cake 1,182,041 Machinery 702,442 Tobacco. 3,757,770 Agr'l implem'ts 233,781 Oleomargarine. 1,253,556 NETHERLANDS.-To no country of the world have our exports grown with greater rapidity during the last few years than to the Netherlands. In 1870, our exportations to the Netherlands were $6,399,835; in 1890, $22,657,795, and in 1901, $84,352,470. That this little nation of six million people should have increased their purchases from the United States more than 1,000 per cent. since 1870 and quadrupled them in a decade is difficult of explanation except in the assumption that a considerable share of the exports accredited to the Netherlands in the official reports to the Bureau of Statistics pass on through that country to the markets of other countries most readily reached by the Netherlands' ports. Manufactures form a much larger share of our exports to the Netherlands than to the other European countries already discussed. Of the total exports to the Netherlands in 1990, amounting to $89,386,676, more than sixteen millions represented copper, more than eight millions mineral oil, more than five millions oleomargarine oil, while turpentine, leather, and other articles of manufacture also figure prominently in the list. FRANCE.-To France, the exports of the United States have made a less rapid growth than to almost any other of the European countries. A self-contained country which produces nearly all that its people require except tropical and subtropical products and which obtains much of those from its own colonies, and which for its manufactures relies upon its own industry, except in the case of those articles not produced from its mines and forests, France has demanded less in the markets of the United States and shown less growth in her demands upon us than have the other European countries. Indeed the figures of 1901 are actually less than those of 1880, and but 75 per cent. more than those of 1870. Of the seventy-nine million dollars' worth of our products exported to France in the fiscal year just ended, practically one-half represented raw cotton and copper for use in her home industries the total value of cotton being in round numbers thirty-five millions, and copper over seven million dollars. Even of mineral oil which she must buy from abroad, her purchases from us are almost exclusively in the crude state, being refined by her own manufacturing establishments; while nearly all of the other European countries purchase their oil from us in the refined state. Manufactures, however, are now forming a larger percentage of our exports to France than in earlier years. Wheat exports to France, which in 1891 were over twelve million dollars in value, were in 1895 and 1901 less than one million, but seem not unlikely to again advance in view of recent reports to the State Department, which indicate that the crop of France of the present year will be materially short and that she will be compelled to import about fifty-six million bushels of wheat during the year. Timber. Tobacco. Boards and planks Fruits and nuts Flaxseed Turpentine. Fertilizers. Leather Bacon and hams. Casings for saus'g's *1892; +1894. 2,150,580 764,698 2,818,248 571,740 2,182,761 2,766,774 182,189 508,297 2,650,371 178,437 325,205 1,404,206 984,353 1,127,383 1,380,881 177,759 368,968 1,367,196 980 218,046 1,222,186 *1,110,576 +1.156,545 1,093,579 665,317 517,215 900,571 11,974 587,710 804,791 143,749 238,000 794,579 854,965 823,678 736,455 188.230 403,913 685,983 Total exports..... 60,693,190 45, 149, 137 78,923,914 Cotton, raw... Crude mineral oil. Refined mineral oil *1900. BELGIUM.—Belgium, like her neighbor, the Netherlands, has increased her importations from the United States with wonderful rapidity since 1870, in which year our exports to that country amounted to seven million dollars, while in 1901 they were forty-nine millions, or seven times as much as thirty years earlier. Presumably this increase is due in part to the conditions and circumstances mentioned in the discussion of the phenomenal growth of our exports to the Netherlands. Of our total exports to Belgium during the year 1900, which amounted to $48,307,011, foodstuffs and raw cotton formed the largest share, wheat standing at the head of the list with over six million dollars: cotton following, with more than five millions; corn, nearly four millions, and bacon and lard, four million dollars. Manufactures, however, formed a much larger share of our total exports to Belgium in 1900 than in 1891. in 1900 amounted MEXICO.-Mexico ranks seventh in the order of magnitude in the list of countries receiving our exports, and being like Canada a comparatively new country and supplying her own food products but requiring the products of the factory, manufactures form a much larger share of our exports to her than to the other countries thus discussed. far Our total exports to Mexico to over thirty-four million dollars and of this sum, the value of five and one-half millions represented machinery; one and one-fourth millions steam engines; over a million dollars carriages and cars; another million vegetable oils; over a million dollars lumber; nearly a million dollars gunpowder and other explosives; while chemicals, hardware, cotton cloth and manufactures of wood are important items in the list of our exports to that country during the year. Contrasting 1900 with 1891 the growth is strongly marked. Machinery, for instance, showed exports to Mexico valued at less than one million dollars in 1891, and in 1900, $5,619,633; steam engines less than half a million dollars in 1891 and $1,204,816 in 1900, and manufactures of wood, a little over a quarter of a million dollars in 1891 and nearly one million, in 1900. ITALY.-Italy ranks next after Mexico in the value of our exports in 1901, the total figures for that year being $34,468,939, against $6,474,653 in 1870 and $13,068,096 in 1890. Natural products form a very large proportion of our exports to Italy, raw cotton alone in 1900 being more than half the total, or $17.441,121 out of $33.256,620; while tobacco next, $3,665,692, followed by mineral oil, chemicals, copper, cottonseed oil, and fertilizers ranging on downward in the order named with respect to magnitude. came Austral BRITISH AUSTRALASIA.-To British asia, which ranks ninth among the countries of the world in the magnitude of its imports from the United States, the proportion of manufactures is naturally larger, as that country produces practically all of its foodstuffs and raw materials, but up to this time, comparatively little of its necessary manufactures. Of the $26,725,702 worth of exports from the United States to British Australasia in 1900, two and one-fourth millions represented machinery; two and three-fourths millions mineral oils; about two millions leather; over one and one-half millions manufactured tobacco; one and one-half millions paper: cars and car riages, agricultural implements and manufactures of wood, each nearly a million dollars; cotton manufactures and chemicals, each more than half a million; sewing machines, nearly a half million; saws and tools nearly another half million; while in the entire list of articles whose value exceeds five hundred thousand dollars, there is scarcely an article which should not be classed under the head of manufactures. The exports from this country to Australasia are growing rapidly, having been in 1870, $3,466,575; in 1880, $4,748,590; in 1890, $11.266,484; and in 1901, $30,713,345. CUBA.-To Cuba our exports during 1901 were valued at $25,964,801. Foodstuffs and manufactures, of course, formed the principal part of this sum. The largest item in the 1900 figures, the details of 1901 being not yet available, was lard, over two millions; the next largest, flour, over two millions; lumber, a little over a million; machinery, a little less than a million: bacon, over three-fourths of a million, and malt liquors, bituminous coal, hams and furniture ranging in value above six hundred thousand dollars. Flour exports have increased greatly, having been but five hundred and ninety-one thousand dollars in 1891, and over two millions in 1900. BRITISH AFRICA.-TO British Africa, our exports have grown with phenomenal rapidity during the last twenty years, and especially during the last decade. In 1880, they were less than half a million dollars; in 1890, less than three and one-half millions; in 1900. over sixteen millions, and in 1901, over twenty-one and one-half millions. Foodstuffs and manufactures, of course, form a large part of these sums. The details of the 1900 figures are the latest available. Of the more than sixteen million dollars' worth of goods exported from this country to British Africa in that year, the value of two and onefourth millions represented breadstuffs; nearly a million canned beef; almost another million flour; three-fourths of a million machinery; another three-quarters of a million mineral oil, and a half million dollars cigarettes. Breadstuffs (exclusive of flour) increased from twentyfive thousand dollars in 1891 to $2,309,923 in 1900; flour, from thirty-five thousand to eight hundred and eighty thousand: canned beef, from ninety-six thousand to nine hundred and eighty-two thousand; machinery, from two hundred and thirty-five thousand to seven hundred and eighty-six thousand; mineral oils, from three hundred and thirty-nine thousand to seven hundred and sixty-nine thousand: cigarettes, from eighty-two thousand to five hundred and five thousand, and furniture from sixtyfive thousand to two hundred and forty-nine thousand dollars. EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO BRITISH AFRICA IN 1891, 1895 AND 1900, INCLUDING ALL ARTICLES WHOSE VALUE IN 1900 EXCEEDED $200.000. 65,838 89,488 249,080 Leaf tobacco. Chemicals. EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO CUBA IN 1891, 1895 AND 1900, INCLUDING ALL ARTICLES WHOSE VALUE IN 1900 EXCEEDED $350,000. ARTICLES Total exports.... Lard Flour.. Boards and planks. Machinery.... Bacon.. Bituminous coal 682,268 1,008,274 HAWAII.-The Hawaiian Islands stand next in the order of magnitude of exports from the United States in 1901, though for the exact figures the Bureau of Statistics is obliged to rely upon the estimate furnished by the Collector of Customs at Honolulu, exporters to that island having taken advantage of the letter of the law which made the Hawaiian Islands a customs district of the United States, and refused to furnish the usual data with respect to our exports to those islands. The 1900 figures, however, show that of the total exports to those islands, valued at $13,509,148, |