CHAPTER XX. MANUAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. References to recent Reports of the United States Commissioner of Education, in which this subject has been treated or statistics published: Annual Report for 1888-89, pages 411-428, 1362-1367; 18891890, pages 1148, 1209-1212, 1351-1356; 1891-92, page 1197; 1892-93, pages 186, 188, 560-575; 1893–94, pages 877-949, 2093-2169; 1894-95, page 2170; 1895-96, pages 989-992, 1001-1152, 1321-1329, 1510-1521 (column 8); 1896-97, pages 193-197, 699-703, 2211-2222 (column 8), 2279-2294; 1897-98, pages 141, 194, 723, 2370– 2382 (column 8), 2419-2440; 1898-99, pages 26, 83, 179-189, 208-209, 853-863, 1355–1361, 1442, 1448, 1525–1536 (column 8), 2139–2162; 1899–1900, pages 329, 875, 1811-1821 (column 8), 2437-2467, 2505; 1900-1901, pages 216, 217, 1510, 1961, 2231-2268, 2342-2372; 1901-2, pages 1294-1311 (column 9), 1959-2002; 1902-3, pages 1019-1046, 1427-1445 (column 9), 2139-2190; 1903-4, pages 1343-1361 (column 9), 2057-2108; 1904-5, pages 461-479 (column 9), 1165-1217. There are in the United States 1,327 cities of 4,000 population and over having organized systems of public schools which were reported to this Bureau for the scholastic year ended June, 1906. Manual training was taught in the public schools of 510 of these cities. This was an increase of 90 over the preceding year. In 1890 only 37 city school systems included manual training in the course of instruction. In 1894 the number had increased to 95, in 1896 to 121, in 1898 to 146, in 1900 to 169, in 1901 to 232, in 1902 to 270, in 1903 to 322, in 1904 to 411, and in 1905 the number had increased to 420. Table 1 gives these figures by States and geographical divisions. Table 2 gives the names of the cities in which manual training was given in 1905-6, indicating for each city the grades in which it was taught. In 1894 this Bureau received reports from 15 independent manual training schools. These schools had 3,362 students in manual training, 2,403 males and 959 females, all of secondary or high school grade. The next year, with the same number of schools reporting, there were 4,892 students, 3,621 males and 1,271 females. In 1897 the number of schools had increased to 40, with 13,890 students, 9,224 males and 4,666 females. Industrial training schools, or schools in which certain trades were taught, were included with the manual training schools proper, and since 1897 the statistics given are for "manual and industrial training." In 1898 there were 58 manual and industrial training schools, with 18,977 students, 12,975 males and 6,002 females. All these were reported as students of secondary or high school grade. Those not actually pursuing secondary studies had been required to master certain secondary branches before entering. In 1899 the number of schools had increased to 66, with 20,701 students, 13,903 males and 6,798 females. In 1900 there were 69 schools, with 24,716 students, 15,819 males and 8,897 females. In 1901 the number of schools reporting was 78, with 28,981 students, 18,928 males and 10,053 females. In 1902 the number had increased to 85 schools, with 29,507 students, 18,771 males and 10,736 females. In 1903 there were 95 schools, with 33,062 students, 20,170 males and 12,892 females; and in 1904 there were 98 schools, with 36,680 students, 20,701 males and 15,979 females. In 1905 there were 106 schools, with 43,197 students, 25,571 males and 17,026 females; and in 1906 there were 113 schools, with 48,610 students, 31, 153 males and 17,457 females. Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6 give the statistics for the ten years mentioned, showing the growth 1043 of manual and industrial training schools since 1894. Every effort has been made to exclude from these tables the enumeration of all students below secondary or high school grade. In 1906 reports were received from 211 manual and industrial training schools. These included the 113 of high school grade mentioned above, 37 of elementary grade, and 61 industrial schools for Indians. Table 7 gives a summary of the 211 schools. These schools had 82,545 pupils in manual and industrial training, 31,950 in elementary grades, and 50,595 in secondary or high school grades. Of those in secondary grades 20,525 were not receiving literary instruction, but were regarded as students of high school grade before admission. The actual number receiving literary instruction of secondary school grade in these 211 schools was 30,070. It may be noted also that of the elementary pupils in industrial training 8,809 were not receiving literary instruction. The actual number receiving such instruction of elementary grade was 23,141. Table 7 also shows that the 211 schools had 1,472 teachers of elementary and secondary studies and 2,526 instructors in manual and industrial training. Table 8 gives, by sex, the number of teachers and students already shown by totals in Table 7. The statistics of the 61 Indian schools are included in these two tables. Nine of the Indian schools had 1,985 students of high school grade and the 61 had 11,108 pupils of elementary grades in industrial training. So far as the requisite data could be obtained Table 9 gives a summary of the finances of manual and industrial training schools, not including the schools for Indians. The aggregate value of buildings, machinery, tools, and other equipment for the schools reporting was $10,909,223. These schools had a total expenditure for the scholastic year of $1,899,002. Of this amount $1,108,615 was for pay of teachers, $249,521 for materials, $123,553 for new tools and repairs, and $417,313 for incidentals and for purposes not classified. Table 10 gives in detail the number of students and teachers in the 150 manual and industrial training schools, exclusive of Indian schools. Table 11 is a statistical showing for the 61 schools for Indian children. Tables 12 and 13 show the number of pupils in each branch of industrial or manual training in each school from which this information could be obtained. Industrial training is offered in most of the negro schools, reform schools, and schools for defectives, statistics of which will be found in the chapters devoted to these classes of institutions. Certain schools which could not be classified or fully reported as manual or industrial training schools and others giving incomplete statistics are mentioned below: Cooper Union, New York, N. Y.; School of Industrial Art and Technical Design for Women, New York, N. Y.; New York School of Art, New York, N. Y.; The School of Industrial Art of the Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, Pa.; The Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, R. I.; Pittsburg School of Design for Women, Pittsburg, Pa.; Wells Memorial Institute, Boston, Mass.; The Young Women's Christian Association, Boston, Mass.; Bliss Electrical School, Washington, D. C.; School of Messrs. R. Hoe & Co., New York, N. Y.; Illinois College of Photography, Effingham, Ill.; Waltham Horological School, Waltham, Mass.; Omaha Watch Repairing, Engraving, and Optical Institute, Omaha, Nebr.; St. Louis Watchmaking School, St. Louis, Mo.; The Industrial Chemical Institute, Milwaukee, Wis.; Wahl-Henius Institute of Fermentology, Chicago, Ill.; National Brewers' Academy, New York, N. Y.; United States Brewers' Academy, New York, N. Y. |