rumoribus differebant: trucem Agrippam et ignominia accensum non aetate neque rerum experientia tantae moli parem, Tiberium Neronem maturum annis, spectatum bello, sed vetere 10 atque insita Claudiae familiae superbia, multaque indicia saevitiae, quamquam premantur, erumpere. Hunc et prima ab infantia eductum in domo regnatrice; congestos iuveni consulatus, triumphos; ne iis quidem annis, quibus Rhodi specie secessus exul egerit, aliud quam iram et simultationem et secretas 15 lubidines meditatum. Accedere matrem muliebri inpotentia: serviendum feminae duobusque insuper adulescentibus, qui rem publicam interim premant, quandoque distrahant.

5. Haec atque talia agitantibus gravescere valetudo Augusti, et quidam scelus uxoris suspectabant. Quippe rumor incesserat, paucos ante menses Augustum, electis consciis et comite uno Fabio Maximo, Planasiam vectum ad visendum Agrippam; multas illic utrimque lacrimas et signa caritatis 5 spemque ex eo fore ut iuvenis penatibus avi redderetur: quod Maximum uxori Marciae aperuisse, illam Liviae. Gnarum id Caesari; neque multo post extincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte, auditos in funere eius Marciae gemitus semet incusantis, quod causa exitii marito fuisset. Utcumque se ea res 10 habuit, vixdum ingressus Illyricum Tiberius properis matris literis accitur; neque satis conpertum est, spirantem adhuc

8. Agrippam (Postumum). The oratio obliqua is to be translated in the present

tense.

9. aetate. Twenty-six years old. 10. maturum annis. Fifty-six. 11. Claudiae familiae superbia. The family which produced the decemvir and the blind Censor. See Attus Clausus.

12. prima ab infantia. He followed his mother to the palace at the age of eight. 13. regnatrice. Int. 4.

consulatus. He was consul in his twenty-ninth year, B.C. 13, and again in B.C. 7. The legal age was forty-three. 14. triumphos. De Pannoniis, B.C. 9; de Germanis, B.C. 7.

ne quidem. Int. 38, c.

15. exul egerit. His retreat at Rhodes became a practical exile when Augustus declined his proposal to return, though no vote of the senate was passed.

16. accedere matrem, "There is his mother (Livia) too."

17. duobus adulescentibus. Drusus

Jr., the son, and Germanicus, the nephew and adoptive son, of Tiberius. They will agree to oppress the empire for a time, and then, when their interests clash, will tear it asunder.

5. I. agitantibus. Abl. abs. with iis understood. A frequent construction in Tacitus.

2. scelus uxoris. It was said that Livia poisoned figs on the trees in his garden. Augustus plucked them as he walked in the alley, ate, and died. The story appears to lack foundation, and Livia probably loved Augustus better than she did any one, except her sons.

4. (Paullo) Fabio Maximo.
8. quaesita 66
= 'unnatural."

II. Illyricum. Tiberius was on his way to settle the affairs of this province, which again threatened rebellion. Augustus

had escorted him as far as Beneventum in Samnium, and died while returning to Rome.

properis. "Urgent."

Augustum apud urbem Nolam an exanimem reppererit. Acribus namque custodiis domum et vias saepserat Livia, laetique 15 interdum nuntii vulgabantur, donec provisis quae tempus monebat simul excessisse Augustum et rerum potiri Neronem fama eadem tulit.

6. Primum facinus novi principatus fuit Postumi Agrippae caedes, quem ignarum inermumque quamvis firmatus animo centurio aegre confecit. Nihil de ea re Tiberius apud senatum disseruit: patris iussa simulabat, quibus praescripsisset tribuno 5 custodiae adposito, ne cunctaretur Agrippam morte adficere, quandoque ipse supremum diem explevisset. Multa sine dubio saevaque Augustus de moribus adulescentis questus, ut exilium eius senatus consulto sanciretur perfecerat: ceterum in nullius umquam suorum necem duravit, neque mortem nepoti pro' 10 securitate privigni inlatam credibile erat. Propius vero Tiberium ac Liviam, illum metu, hanc novercalibus odiis, suspecti et invisi iuvenis caedem festinavisse. Nuntianti centurioni, ut mos militiae, factum esse quod imperasset, neque imperasse sese et rationem facti reddendam apud senatum respondit. 15 Quod postquam Sallustius Crispus particeps secretorum (is ad tribunum miserat codicillos) comperit, metuens ne reus subderetur, iuxta periculoso ficta seu vera promeret, monuit Liviam ne arcana domus, ne consilia amicorum, ministeria militum vulgarentur, neve Tiberius vim principatus resolveret cuncta ad 20 senatum vocando: eam condicionem esse imperandi, ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur.

13. reppererit. Velleius Paterculus and Suetonius say that he arrived in time; Dio Cassius denies it.

6. 4. quibus praescripsisset. "By which (Tiberius affirmed) he had given instructions."

tribuno. A military tribune. There were six in a legion of 6000 men, and they consequently corresponded to our colonels, but they commanded an undivided sixth of the legion, dividing their authority among themselves. Under the republic they were elected by the people from men who had seen service; but Augustus allowed the sons of senators to assume the latus clavus, and enter public service as tribunes as soon as they assumed the toga virilis. This ordinance, as well as others of Augustus, was intended to interest the governing classes in the

administration of the empire, when the ambitions of public life under the republic were at an end. Tiberius assumed the appointment of tribunes. Tribunes were the lowest commissioned officers; centurions rose from the ranks.

9. duravit. "Hardened his heart." 15. (C.) Sallustius Crispus. secretorum. Secreta has a bad sense; arcana a good one. Sallustius, as a courtier, uses the latter.

16. codicillos. "Death-warrant."

17. juxta-periculoso. "Since it was as dangerous to lie as to tell the truth." Periculoso is abl. abs. with the following sentence (Int. 52).

20. eam condicionem, etc. "An empire is so constituted that accounts will not balance unless audited by the master alone."

7. At Romae ruere in servitium consules, patres, eques. Quanto quis inlustrior, tanto magis falsi ac festinantes, vultuque composito, ne laeti excessu principis neu tristiores primordio, lacrimas gaudium, questus adulationem miscebant. Sex. Pompeius et Sex. Appuleius consules primi in verba Tiberii 5 Caesaris iuravere, apudque eos Seius Strabo et C. Turranius, ille praetoriarum cohortium praefectus, hic annonae; mox senatus milesque et populus. Nam Tiberius cuncta per consules incipiebat, tamquam vetere re publica et ambiguus imperandi : ne edictum quidem, quo patres in curiam vocabat, nisi tribu- 10 niciae potestatis praescriptione posuit sub Augusto acceptae. Verba edicti fuere pauca et sensu permodesto: de honoribus parentis consulturum, neque abscedere a corpore idque unum ex publicis muneribus usurpare. Sed defuncto Augusto signum praetoriis cohortibus ut imperator dederat : excubiae, 15 arma, cetera aulae; miles in forum, miles in curiam comitabatur. Literas ad exercitus tamquam adepto principatu misit, nusquam cunctabundus nisi cum in senatu loqueretur. Causa praecipua ex formidine, ne Germanicus, in cuius manu tot legiones, immensa sociorum auxilia, mirus apud populum favor, 20 habere imperium quam exspectare mallet. Dabat et famae, ut vocatus electusque potius a re publica videretur quam per uxorium ambitum et senili adoptione inrepsisse. Postea cognitum est ad introspiciendas etiam procerum voluntates inductam dubitationem: nam verba vultus in crimen detorquens 25 recondebat.

7. 2. festinantes. An unseemly haste. 3. ne laeti. Sc. viderentur (Int. 18, b). 5. in verba-juravere. "Swore allegiance," according to a set form of words. In a military oath (sacramentum) the first one concerned swore to regard the interests of the emperor above those of himself or his own father. The rest confirmed the imprecations upon their own heads with the words idem in me.

6. (L.) Seius Strabo.

7. cohortium. The praetorians (the emperor's Roman guard, distinguished from the German guard, § 24, N.) consisted of nine cohorts of 1000 men each, each commanded by a tribune. In a legion the first cohort, which protected the eagle, was of 960 men; the other nine of 480 cach, under command of prefects.

annonae. § 2, N.

9. vetere re publica. Abl. abs.
II. praescriptione. The tribunician
power gave the right to assemble the senate
(§9, N.). Tiberius therefore headed his sum-
mons with the words "Ti. Claudius Nero,
tribunicia potestate sextumdecimum."

13. parentis. His father by adoption.
14. signum. "Watchword."
15. excubiae. XII. 69, N.

16. cetera aulae. e.g. fasces twined with laurel.

18. cunctabundus. "Appearing to hesitate." Verbals in bundus give the force of appearance.

loqueretur. Int. 45.

19. tot legiones. Eight.

21. dabat-famae. "He considered his reputation."

24. inductam. As an actor puts on (inducit) a mask.

8. Nihil primo senatus die agi passus est nisi de supremis Augusti, cuius testamentum inlatum per virgines Vestae Tiberium et Liviam heredes habuit. Livia in familiam Iuliam nomenque Augustum adsumebatur; in spem secundam nepotes 5 pronepotesque, tertio gradu primores civitatis scripserat plerosque invisos sibi, sed iactantia gloriaque ad posteros. Legata non ultra civilem modum, nisi quod populo et plebi quadringenties tricies quinquies, praetoriarum cohortium militibus singula nummum milia, urbanis quingenos, legionariis ac cohort10 ibus civium Romanorum trecenos nummos viritim dedit./ Tum consultatum de honoribus; ex quis qui maxime insignes visi, ut porta triumphali duceretur funus, Gallus Asinius, ut legum latarum tituli, victarum ab eo gentium vocabula anteferrentur, L. Arruntius censuere. Addebat Messala Valerius renovandum 15 per annos sacramentum in nomen Tiberii; interrogatusque a Tiberio num se mandante eam sententiam prompsisset, sponte dixisse respondit, neque in iis quae ad rem publicam pertinerent consilio nisi suo usurum, vel cum periculo offensionis ea sola species adulandi supererat. Conclamant patres corpus ad rogum 20 umeris senatorum ferendum.

8. 2. virgines Vestae. Wills and valuables were deposited in the temples, which were guarded (in the days of Tertullian) by soldiers. The wills of Julius and Antonius, and the treaty between the triumvirs and Sex. Pompeius, were entrusted to the Vestals (II. 86, N.).

3. heredes. The property amounted to £1,250,000. Tiberius took two-thirds, and Livia the rest. Augustus had expended much larger sums for the benefit of the state (§ 11, N.).

4. nomenque Augustum. Augustum is an adjective. She was called Julia Augusta.

nepotes. Germanicus and Drusus Jr. 5. pronepotes. The three sons of Germanicus. Augustus saw his abnepos, M. Junius Silanus, born in the year of his own death.

7. civilem modum. What any citizen might leave.

populo et plebi. Of the 43,500,000 sesterces, 40,000,000 went to the public treasury (populo), 3,500,000 were doled out to the poor (plebi). With numerical adverbs centena is to be supplied.

9. nummum milia. The sestertius may be conveniently reckoned at twopence.

Remisit Caesar adroganti moder

This is the statement_usually given, based on the value of the English shilling. Assays of two denarii of Augustus by specific gravity give a value of but sixpence at the present market value of silver (1880). A denarius was worth four sesterces.

9. ac. MS. aut. Lipsius reads autem, Nipperdey ac. There were 32 cohorts of Roman citizens not enrolled in particular legions. The MS. does not mention the cohortes urbanae (IV. 5, N.), which received, according to Suetonius, 500 sesterces per man.

II. visi. To the people.

12. porta triumphali. Leading through the wall of Servius, according to Dyer, between the Capitoline and the river. It was only opened for the procession of a triumph. (C.) Asinius Gallus.

14. (M.) Valerius Messala (Corvinus).

15. sacramentum. The military oath of allegiance taken to Caesar as Imperator (§ 7, N.). It was usually repeated once in five or ten years.

20. remisit. "He left it to their discretion."

adroganti moderatione. As though he had a right to demand it if he pleased.

atione, populumque edicto monuit ne, ut quondam nimiis studiis funus divi Iulii turbassent, ita Augustum in foro potius quam in campo Martis, sede destinata, cremari vellent. Die funeris milites velut praesidio stetere, multum inridentibus qui ipsi viderant quique a parentibus acceperant diem illum crudi adhuc 25 servitii et libertatis inprospere repetitae, cum occisus dictator Caesar aliis pessimum, aliis pulcherrimum facinus videretur : nunc senem principem, longa potentia, provisis etiam heredum in rem publicam opibus, auxilio scilicet militari tuendum, ut sepultura eius quieta foret.

9. Multus hinc ipso de Augusto sermo, plerisque vana mirantibus, quod idem dies accepti quondam imperii princeps et vitae supremus, quod Nolae in domo et cubiculo in quo pater eius Octavius vitam finivisset. Numerus etiam consulatuum celebrabatur, quo Valerium Corvum et C. Marium simul aequaverat, continuata per septem et triginta annos tribunicia potestas, nomen inperatoris semel atque vicies partum aliaque honorum multiplicata aut nova. varie extollebatur arguebaturve.

22. funus divi Julii. Excited by the eloquence of Antonius, the people built a pyre of broken benches and banker's tables in the forum, and burned the body of Julius there, against the law which forbade intramural funerals.

23. sede destinata. In the mausoleum near the banks of the Tiber, which Augustus himself had built. It was a circular edifice of marble, with three terraces, on which cypresses were planted. The statue of Augustus adorned the summit. A pleasure ground for the people surrounded the building.

24. inridentibus. Abl. abs.

25. diem illum. 59 years before.

29. in rem publicam. "To gain control of the government." The display of troops was, of course, really intended to impress all classes with the military force of Tiberius.

9. 2. idem dies. August 19, on which he had received his first consulate, 56 years before.

4. (C.) Octavius (Rufus). numerus consulatuum. Valerius Corvus, 6; C. Marius, 7; 'Augustus, 13.

6. septem et triginta annos. 36 years and 2 months. The tribunicia potestas

At apud prudentes vita eius

Hi pietate erga parentem et

(including the idea of jus tribunicium) gave the emperor the powers of a tribunus plebis, viz. to call together senate or people; to propose laws; to veto unsatisfactory measures; to be the final court of appeal (as representative of the Roman people) in capital cases; and to have an inviolable person. It was assumed at intervals of five years, on the 27th of June, and, as it was invariably reassumed, fixed the year of the reign with subsequent emperors. Only the heir-apparent was associated in this power (§ 7, and III. 56). Augustus first received it in B.C. 23. Ordinary tribunes held office but for one year, and were allowed little freedom under the empire (VI. 47).

7. inperatoris. In the ancient fashion, by which a victorious general was hailed imperator by his troops on the battle-field, and the title was subsequently confirmed by the senate. It could only be enjoyed by a magistrate who had the right to take auspices, and on this ground Augustus claimed the victories won by his generals as legati (II. 18, N.).

alia honorum. e.g. the title of Pater Patriae.

9. Hi. Int. 19.

parentem. Julius Caesar.

30

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